Amandla Imfihlo Aleksandra Nevskogo

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, Russia emenza namaqhawe, ngubani ezinsukwini amnyama yokuba abavikela yayo. Abaningi babo zaziwa hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi phesheya. Ngu omunye walabo abantu zihlanganisa Alexander saseNevsky, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka amaningi, ukubizwa ngokuthi "ungcwele" nelithi "omkhulu". izinsalela yakhe uyasho amandla okwenza izimangaliso, futhi ulwazi mayelana nabo ezigcinwe zemihla ehlukahlukene kusukela ngekhulu weshumi nane. Eminye imithombo wabonisa ukuthi ngosuku lwesibili ngemva komngcwabo kwesikhulu kubantu sakhe esibi eyokuthola ikhambi lokukuqeda izifo eziningana. Ngakho-ke, la mahlebezi ethandwa phambi nokunxusa esemthethweni Prince wamemezela kuye ukuba abe usanta.

I izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo ingenye amathempelana eyigugu kunawo wonke eRussia. Isihloko sethu lunikezelwe lo muntu omkhulu futhi umsebenzi wakhe ukuze ulondoloze eRussia kusukela abahlaseli. Siphinde ukuphendula imibuzo mayelana sihloko esikhulu, lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo babe ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene isikhathi, futhi lokho abayikho eyigugu kangaka izinhliziyo amaKristu obu-Orthodox.

portrait zomlando Aleksandra Nevskogo

Ngeshwa, akubona bonke abafundi angakutshela ukuthi yenziwa Grand UMbusi Russia. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukusebenzisa indaba mayelana amandla Aleksandra Nevskogo, kumelwe okungenani enumerate kafushane izimo zawo ngaphambi lwamaSlav.

Ngokusho lwemilando, lo mdlali Russia esizayo wazalwa ngonyaka wamashumi amabili kwekhulu weshumi nantathu. esemncane wawuba ngasekuqaleni Pereslavl, u-Alexander wayesenze amaphutha wavuthwa eNovgorod, okuyinto wathunyelwa kubusa uyise wakhe, okuyinto kwakulandelwa insizwa kuyo yonke imikhankaso wezempi. Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima Russia - ngakolunye uhlangothi ashisiwe nasemizaneni ngiwuthumbile umuzi Mongol zidlamlilo, futhi ngakolunye emngceleni isimo ezinwabuzelayo ibutho IsiSwidi. Ukuvikela ezweni lawo evela abahlaseli kwadingeka Alexander abasha.

Ehlobo lika ngonyaka eziyinkulungwane namakhulu amabili namashumi wamashumi amane yena nginqobile brilliant phezu abaseSweden ku uMfula iNeva, okuyiwona wathola isidlaliso sakhe ngawo wehlela emlandweni. Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili ngesikhathi imingcele esentshonalanga ye isimo yabambana ngezihluthu, futhi ingxenye yesihlanu ngo-Ephreli 1242 Aleksandr saseNevsky wakwazi kanjani ukugqashula kulowo zamaJalimane Knights eLake Peipus. Lokhu kunqoba ekugcineni abaseSweden zibancishe ithemba wasithatha umhlaba isiRashiya, futhi igama abasha Prince-Alexander waziwa kude Russia.

Manje phambi kwakhe kwaba khona omunye injongo - ukuvikela izwe kusukela empumalanga, futhi uyavuma ukuba ubambisane amaMongol. Kuyinto lo msebenzi umkhuzi wahamba noyise kuya zidlamlilo.

Izazi-mlando ziye zaphawula ukuthi u-Alexander saseNevsky kwaba perspicacious kakhulu. Wakwazi ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni Khan Batu zezwe, ngisho uvele abasohlangothini lwakhe ngokumelene Mongolia. Ubudlelwane Khan isikhulu isiRashiya kwakuwulimi edume emibhalweni yaminyaka ukubalula ukuthi ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi abazalwane. Aleksandru Nevskomu wakwazi ukuthonya abantu Batu amukele ubuKristu, elibuye liqinise ubuhlobo babo futhi zonke izivumelwano phakathi babusi ababili. Amacebo isikhulu kwaba ukuhlanganisa amazwe Russian futhi Tatar ngaphansi kwegunya enamandla, ukuze aphebeze yimuphi izinsongo nasentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Kodwa lezi amaphupho akuzange kube njalo.

Lwetshumi lane Novemba 1263, lapho ebuya esibayeni, isikhulu ukugula futhi washona ngo isivinini. Ngasedolobheni eliseduze, lapho kungenzeka ukuba alethe umzimba, kwaba uVladimir. Lapha futhi kwahamba ulilela kuthumela. Nokho, ngemva kokufa umxhasi olukhulu eRussia wakwazi kusimangaze izikhonzi zakhe, futhi abaholi besonto.

Izimangaliso, usanta ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander

Ukuze uthole uVladimir ngingcwabe nomlotha isikhulu oshonile, isikwati wathatha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi lapha saqala ukusenzela izimangaliso, okuyinto baye baba ayizidleke nokunxusa ikusasa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngokumangalisayo, ngezinsuku zokuqala eziyisishiyagalolunye, umzimba kungaqali ukubola. Burial senzeka ngoNovemba 23 emzini wezindela uVladimir Christmas. Ngesikhathi inqubo, Metropolitan Kirill ebekwe athambise iminwe kwesikhulu, ukuze ukutshala incwadi yabo. Kodwa ukuze usizi aba nalo lapho wonke umuntu-Alexander samanje yena welula izandla zakhe ngenjongo yokuthola imfundo engokomoya futhi ngokushesha wathatha iphepha. Abefundisi wawubiza ngokuthi isimangaliso futhi wazizwa ukukhazinyuliswa saphezulu.

Emasontweni ambalwa nje ukukhothamela nomlotha Prince abantu abavamile zaqala ukutheleka, abaningi babo wathandaza ngenjongo yokuphulukisa futhi wathola impendulo ngesimo impilo entsha ayitholile. Ukuzwa mayelana nezimangaliso, izinto ezazenzeka esigodlweni Christmas, yasheshe kulo lonke izwe laseRussia.

Ukuthola kwe-izinsalela St Alexander

Bangaphezu kuka-iminyaka eyikhulu, abantu beza ukuyobona iliba umxhasi ezweni isiRashiya, futhi uma omunye izindela waba nombono isidingo sokuvula yokungcwaba phezu kwesikhulu. Nge emcimbini omkhulu ethuneni wavula futhi eba yiqhwa emangele - ukubuthwa zaziletha ngokwazo umzimba elingukungaboli - izinsalela of Aleksandra Nevskogo. Lokhu kwaba ubufakazi obengeziwe sezimangaliso isikhulu ongcwele. Basukuma lisemhlabathini wathelisa umdlavuza (umkhumbi noma lomngcwabo), lapho lisekhona nesishiyagalombili izinsalela leminyaka. Alexander saseNevsky ukuthi abagcotshwa iSonto kuphela ngo-1547, kodwa-ke, lapho, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa abantu ukwelapha isikhulu-ezincisha injabulo njengoba saint, owanikela ukuphila kwakhe konke ukuze ekumeleleni ezweni lakhe.

Imfihlakalo izinsalela ongcwele

Izazi-mlando eziningi nesithakazelo sina umbuzo, elibamba izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo namuhla. Phela, namanje wesayensi mpikiswano zomphakathi mayelana nokulahlekelwa izinsalela emuva ngekhulu nanhlanu.

Iqiniso lokuthi abagxeki abaningi basho ulwazi oluqukethwe amarekhodi ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Baveza ukuthi ngesikhathi umlilo Meyi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nanhlanu, washisa cishe yonke indlu yezindela Christmas, futhi nalo yaphendulwa umlotha nezinto ezingcwele Aleksandra Nevskogo. Kodwa emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke ekhulwini lesikhombisa, lo mcimbi kuchazwa ehlukile kancane. Umbhali uveza ukuthi, kusolakala ukuthi, izindela ngawawo wabona ihholo lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo, umlilo walondoloza ngokuyisimangaliso. Zingamashumi kuphela yayinjalo esigodlweni sezindela Christmas.

Yiqiniso, kunzima ukusho ukuthi le ndaba iyiqiniso. Omunye uye kuphela ukuba bathembele yokuthi amandla wahlala emehlweni futhi emva umlilo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela okunye esikhundleni sako, akekho owakwazi. Lokhu kungamanga kwakungenakwenzeka ukushiya kungaqashelwa, ngakho izikhulu zesonto aqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi lezi izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo agcinwa namanje ngaphakathi ethempelini, nilishiye libe kuphela ezimweni ezingandile, lapho uyiswa imizi ehlukahlukene, amasonto, amasonto wezwe lakithi futhi amazwe angomakhelwane, ukuze kuqiniswe zithuthelekela okholweni.

Nokho, ngezikhathi ezithile kwabezindaba kubaneka isihloko ukuthi yokusungula, eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1922, it is kwaba yinkomba yokuthi, reliquary esiliva kwaba nambili kuphela izinsalela amathambo Yekhanda ngaphandle. Ingabe-ke kakhulu i esifuze, akekho owaziyo, ngoba ukuxazulula imfihlakalo ezingcwele namuhla, akekho can. Umlando ivame ukuba ashiye eminingi engaphenduliwe.

Petersburg kanye St Alexander saseNevsky

Uma ucela imuphi umhlali enhlokodolobha enyakatho, lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo Petersburg-ke, qiniseka, wena kahle ukuphendula eziningi ezinkulu. Kodwa lokho sibopha isikhulu-atehlukanisa nalo muzi IPetra? Kulula - saint kubhekwa abavikela yakhe, futhi kwaba nomthelela kule nkinga, Yiqiniso, autocrat, Lowo okuzala ngezinhlungu zokubeletha idolobha elisha Russian phakathi Elikhulu Northern neMpi. Kuyinto sibonga umbusi lapha Yakhiwa ibandla lika-Alexander saseNevsky, okuyinto eqala ukubusa ngo-ke endaweni ehloniphekile.

Okusho Holy Trinity Alexander saseNevsky Laura e SPB

Peter Ngangiyisihambi Umbusi ohlakaniphile, futhi zonke izenzo zakhe besikhathi begodu inzalo nabizelwa phambili-ukucabanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho izinsalela ongcwele Wayenesithakazelo hhayi nje. Kodwa ake zonke ukuze.

Ngo 1710 le nkosi wacabanga mayelana nokwakhiwa kwethempeli yokudumisa wasemuva enkulu bezwe Russian kusukela nesitha angaphandle. Khumbula ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi iminyaka eminingi, uPetru mina ilwa abaseSweden, futhi abantu kudingeka uphawu owawuzoba eliphefumulelwe futhi ugqozi bonke abantu ngothi lwawo. Isibalo Aleksandra Nevskogo iyona kangcono le ndima, ngoba, kakhulu, leli thimba lalimelela eRussia kusukela namaJalimane abaseSweden. Ngokuba ithempeli uMbusi wakhetha edolobheni Victoria. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kulapho isikhulu ongcwele wanqoba ibutho elihlangene inkosi Swedish. Kodwa kamuva kwavela ukuthi la mazwe kwenye ukunqoba Aleksandra Nevskogo - Birger Jarl phezu e 1240.

Kunoma yikuphi, isikhulu baba hhayi kuphela iwuphawu ayenganqobeki zomoya isiRashiya, kodwa futhi umxhasi Petersburg, okuyinto eyaba eliqaphile kwamazwe Russian entshonalanga. Kulesi sisekelo, entwasahlobo ka 1723 lo mbusi wayala ukuba Isigodlo esanda eyakhelwe bathunyelwa amandla Aleksandra Nevskogo. Petersburg, lomcimbi okulungiselelwe nokunakekelwa okukhethekile kanye novalo. Ngemva inkiyankiya yenkinga kwaholela yena uPetru mina, futhi, njengoba sazi, awusebenzi amaphutha kanye yezinqumo kwezikhonzi zakhe.

Ukuhumusha izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo: Ilungiselela umcimbi

Ukuze uthumele izinsalela ongcwele honours ngokugcwele kusukela Vladimir ukuba Petersburg, kwakudingeka umdlavuza, okufanele ukuba kwakumangalisa ukulayishwa ngilahlekile. Kuze kube yimanje, omunye Zarudny wakhethwa ukuthatha wayo eMoscow. Umdlavuza umsebenzi wangempela yobuciko:

• imilenze ayisishiyagalombili ngesimo ngezidladla wengonyama;
• imilenze ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele amakherubi isithombe;
• ikhava umkhumbi ehlotshiswe izingalo kwesikhulu;
• yomdlavuza okubangelwa isithombe amakhanda wezingonyama - uphawu odumile we nokuvuka kwabafileyo;
• kokusiphakamisela isakhiwo ungulotimele ezinamandla;
• Mina ebekiwe umqhele ngayo kombhede ngasesinqeni zempi segolide.

Ukuze uthumele inqubo yahamba ngokushelela, ehlobo lika-1723 elalenziwa ekhethekile yasungulwa, owawungumnyaka kanje:

• eyakhiwa umzila ukuphambuka kuwo sasingavunyelwe nhlobo;
• yonke indlela lapho mkhumbi kwakufanele ube Umphathi uPetru mina;
• umdlavuza Land ezisekelwe bekumelwe yabekwa abantu esikhundleni nomunye emadolobheni ahlukene;
• emizaneni elikhulu umsebenzi isifuba ukuze uthumele umphongolo abefundisi.

Kusukela amandla Novgorod ehlelelwe amanzi ukuthuthela Petersburg, lapho ngabe sihlangabezana uMbusi yena.

Alexander saseNevsky (Prince), amandla okudlulisa Petersburg

Usuku ukudluliselwa izinsalela wakhethwa uPetru futhi Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane, e 1724 waklonyeliswa iSivumelwano osekukade Nystad, futhi lesi senzakalo samaholide imakwe yokwahlukaniselwa emisiwe Holy Trinity Alexander saseNevsky Lavra.

Ngo-July, izinsalela kwesokunxele sezindela Christmas futhi waqala uhambo beya ekhaya elisha enhloko-dolobha enyakatho. Baya ukuhlangabezana uPetru eyishumi nambili, mina uqobo wazinikela isikebhe. Ngomlomo emfuleni Izhora , ujenga zokugqoka egcwele, futhi mkhosi ngesikhathi ukudluliselwa izinsalela St Prince baqhubeka Petersburg izinsuku ezintathu. Ngo parallel, umbusi wayala waminyaka yonke ukugubha Agasti 30 njengoba-Orthodox iholidi yenkolo futhi kubekwe ukusungula umyalo behlonipha Aleksandra Nevskogo. Kodwa hhayi ngesikhathi, kodwa iphupho uPetru ngangivuma nomkakhe, wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukusungulwa kwesiGungu umklomelo entsha isimo.

Isiphetho izinsalela kwesikhulu-atehlukanisa kusukela nesishiyagalombili sekwephuzile kakhulu emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka lwamashumi amabili

I izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo Lavra bekuya le eko kwekhulu elidlule. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umkhumbi salandelwa umdlavuza esiliva. Ngakho I yayala indodakazi Peter mina - Elizabeth. Indaba wakhonza khona njengenceku isuka Kolyvansky insimu, isiliva wokuqala kuleli zwe. Umdlavuza ukuthi lihlotshiswe bas-imifanekiso, futhi phezu ebhaliwe ukubeka Atlas isithombe kokwesikhulu.

I ekhethekile izinsuku ezingcwele phezu izinsalela limiswe isibani, ehlotshiswe namatshe ayigugu. ababusi abaningi Russian kubhekwe kuyisibopho kuwo ukwenza umnikelo ezinkulu umhlobiso emkhunjini izinsalela. Cishe zonke ezinikelwe esigodlweni sezindela into ekhethekile, efanekisela ukubaluleka ongumvikeli Petersburg, hhayi kuphela edolobheni kodwa lonke lelo zwe.

Ngo-1922, kwakhiwa indlu enkulu yesonto lasuswa kusukela sezindela ngomyalo we Petrograd iKomiti Yesifunda kanye umdlavuza yaphenduka Museum of the Hermitage mbukiso. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu ayisikhombisa akekho wayenesithakazelo ezweni, lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo ukuphi.

Ukubuya ezimpandeni zakhe

Ngo-1989, engcwele ibuyise ekuqothulweni. It yathuthelwa yokuqala kusukela Kazan Museum of Religion and Atheism. Kwakuyisikhathi iholidi kakhulu baseRussia-Orthodox, ubani nge ethuthumela ngigeza elinde kulo mzuzwana iminyaka.

Ngemva iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kwamandla waphinda ushiye Holy Trinity Alexander saseNevsky Lavra, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi leso senzakalo sasingenawo isenzakalo esijabulisayo - umdlavuza waqhutshelwa emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu wezwe lakithi futhi Latvia. Ngisho ucezu izinsalela wathunyelwa Bulgaria.

Orthodox wafika uVladimir, Pskov, Novgorod nakwamanye amadolobha kulo lonke elaseRussia. Wonke umuntu wayesefuna okungenani touch kancane shrine futhi ucele saint Aleksandra Nevskogo kokunye. Phela, amandla namanje ekwenzeni izimangaliso zifakazela ukuba aphulukise kusukela sina izifo amakholwa.

I izinsalela St Prince namuhla

Lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo Petersburg, zikhona namuhla? Lo mbuzo uzophendula noma imiphi isakhamuzi sendawo, ngoba kuze kube manje umuzi ngosuku ukudluliselwa izinsalela uVladimir enhloko-dolobha enyakatho. Lolusiko wafika cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iSoviet Union iwa nangenkolo kuqashelwe yiwo wonke Orthodox ngisho izakhamuzi ezivamile ngonyaka.

Ufuna ukwazi lapho izinsalela Aleksandra Nevskogo agcinwa osukwini lwethu? Bese uya ngqo Holy Trinity Alexander saseNevsky Lavra. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi phezu kwesembozo somphongolo elise ngisho ayisikhombisa eziyisishiyagalolunye izinsalela nabanye osanta. Ngakho-ke, ngokuza Isigodlo, ungabona hhayi kuphela esifuze eyigugu kunawo wonke-Orthodox, kodwa futhi uthinte nezinye izindawo zokukhulekela isonto. Abantu abaningi bathi wonke umuntu ufikile lapha eninokholo, qiniseka ukuze uthole lokulabhela Aleksandra Nevskogo ezenzweni ezinhle.