35 Ibhethri, Sebastopol. 35 ibhethri ugu, Sevastopol - umlando

Lapho amabutho aseJalimane 1941 ehlasela indawo eCrimea futhi Sevastopol ukuza, kokuba belinde isikhathi "ngezandla ezifudumele" ngempela. abavikeli komuzi wagcina ukuzivikela izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-250 kanye nobusuku, futhi kuphela ngoJulayi 1942, lathunjwa bahlaseli, abalahlekelwe lapha mayelana 300 eziyinkulungwane of amasosha ayo nezinduna. Kodwa izenzakalo ezishaqisayo kakhulu zenzeka esifundeni Cape eChersonese, lapho ibhethri 35, Sevastopol kwaba. Izithombe sezwe, wenza kusukela satellite, ubonisa, lapho amabhethri ugu №30 futhi 35 kanye engaba isinyathelo kwezibhamu yabo.

ukwakhiwa

Isizathu esenza isinqumo senziwe ukwakhiwa kahle ebiyelweyo ibhethri ugu e Sevastopol, wakhonza njengephayona ukuzivikela ukwehluleka inqaba ePort Arthur phakathi nempi Russian-Japanese. Isinqumo ukwakha izinqaba senziwa uMbusi uNicholas II Meyi 21, 1911, lapho kwabelwe isamba 8 million. Ruble. Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo kufanele kube amabhethri ezimbili ezinamandla sezibekwe nge osezingeni nkulu kakhulu kusukela ezinhlangothini wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi.

Ukwakhiwa izinqaba waqala ngo-1912. Awunakuhlukaniswa nge igama unjiniyela TS. A. Kyui, futhi owayengumphathi futhi umqambi bodumo. Bakhandwa lokuqala bemba imigodi yesisekelo ngaphansi umbhoshongo umxhwele, ezakhiwe emabhalekisini nezinye izakhiwo zebhizinisi ezikhohlakele, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwaphazanyiswa ukugqashuka kweMpi inguquko nempi yombango ngemva kwaso okwalandela.

Ukwakhiwa kuqhutshwe kuphela ngo-1925. Manje sasiqhutshelwa ngaphansi kobuholi Soviet onjiniyela ababili basempini - B. K. Sokolova futhi V. Vystavkina. Ngu ekwindla ka-1929 wagcina wasungula 35 ibhethri ugu. Sevastopol wavakashelwa amanxusa ehlanganisa amalungu uhulumeni wamaSoviet, eliholwa I. V Stalin yena. Lokhu kwaholela ukuba ngcono okukhulu phakathi kwabantu bendlu ka kanye nekuvikeleka kwetenhlalakahle kwabasebenzi kuyo yonke base Black Sea Fleet.

Incazelo inombolo ibhethri ugu 35

Ensimini ka ibhethri kwadingeka ezine 305-milimitha izibhamu, wahlela ngababili yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili ezimbili. futhi ziphethwe ezimbili ifakwe umyalo okuthunyelwe - main bese bebeka. Kwakumelwe esifundeni 300 no-450 metres kusukela amabhlogo isibhamu ngokwabo.

Ngayinye yalezi izinto lalinabashumayeli le armored conning umbhoshongo, esukela kuvulandi, kanye ezizimele amandla nokuxhumana iyunithi, esemgwaqweni at a amathathu phansi ukujula komhlaba. Deeper namanje ikamelo lapho zinsimbi ifakiwe, lapho kwenziwa ukuphathwa ngqo kwenzeka lesi sigameko sokudubula.

Isakhiwo, lapho okuthunyelwe umyalo eziphuthumayo, kwadingeka igatsha side, ukufinyelela ngqo olwandle. Kwasebenza hhayi nje njengomuntu ophumayo emuva, kodwa futhi ukubonisa amanzi futhi indle izinhlelo. Cishe isimiso esifanayo iye zifakwa nebhethri №30, ezathoma ukusebenza ngo-1933.

ilungiselelo emplacements ngokwayo indawo ekahle okwakhethwa. Shazi, lapha ukubuka lonke Sevastopol (35 ibhethri kumephu - esithombeni ngenhla). Leli lungiselelo livumela labadubuli we izibhamu emkhakheni isiyingi, t. E. Ukuze hit ilitshe, hhayi kuphela olwandle kodwa futhi ezweni. Yingakho ibutho ebaluleke kakhulu ekumeleleni nobuqhawe umuzi wawuyigolide ibhethri ugu 35. Sevastopol kanye endaweni ezungeze ke Shell out izibhamu enyakatho kuze kube Bakhchisarai, futhi eningizimu - ukuze Bajdarsky esangweni futhi Simeiz.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emaphethelweni ibhethri ayenendawo 5 bunkers sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo nakakhulu. Ngamunye wabo kwaba ifakwe ezintathu izibhamu.

isithiyo ezingalindelekile

By ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ekumeleleni Sevastopol lalinabashumayeli amabili-12 intshi chetyrehorudiynyh armored ibhethri №30 futhi 35, kweshumi eziningana izivikelo kahle kanye wezikhali izikhundla. It kuseyimpicabadala ngisho namuhla, kungani-German amabalazwe ezempi kanye imibhalo bayibiza ngokuthi Fort "Maxim Gorky".

Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva nje kwempi eSoviet kobuholi ezempi, kwaba sobala ukuthi enye yezinhloso eyinhloko umyalo German kuyoba Sevastopol. Ukuqala amabutho kuyinto sisondela ngokungenakuvinjelwa ifinyelela ogwini Sea, futhi ngo-October 30, 1941 wabona isitha lokushaya lokuqala emzini Army 11 esengaphansi Manstein.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi 30-iphakethe ngisenza amabanga amade uma liya, izingqapheli yako etholakala lonke ikholomu ubuchwepheshe isiJalimane, ehlanganisa inqwaba amathangi kanye izimoto, ngokushesha ukuthuthela edolobheni. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi amayunithi iyona we amabutho aseSoviet owalwela le enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, eshiyiwe futhi Sevastopol uvuliwe ngokuphelele isitha.

Novemba 1, lapho amaJalimane kwadingeka ukwenza gxuma zokugcina, esifushane ezimbalwa kuphela amashumi amakhilomitha elitsheni, amakholomu kwabo izimoto armored abangu ngokuzumayo wadubula, futhi igalelo wayenamandla ngokungavamile. Isimanga kwaba yiqiniso lokuthi, ngokuvumelana intelligence German endaweni kwaba cishe akukho amaviyo iRed Army.

Ibutho elaya lokuqala lalibizwa kwawona Sevastopol ibhethri №30 iphansi kwesandla sika-amasosha A. Aleksandru Maritime Army. Naphezu kwenani esindayo, amaJalimane namanje matasa tindlelanchubo edolobheni.

Eyesibili lokushaya

A umzamo wesibili zihlasele amabutho amaNazi umkhankaso ngo-December 17. Zabangelwa wezikhali ukulungiselela enamandla kakhulu, bese kuhlaselwa usephonswe kude 5 ukwahlukana isitha. Kodwa yonke imizamo yayiyize. Bahlangana nge ukumelana okushubile kwabaphathi abavikeli waleyo nqaba "Maxim Gorky" - 30 no-35 ka-ibhethri. Sevastopol futhi kulokhu ngasinda.

Ibutho elaya wesithathu

Juni 7, 1942 at 5:00 am the izigqulo isitha kanye wezikhali, kusekelwa ekuhlaseleni kusukela emoyeni waqala unikele iziteleka emangalisa kuleli dolobha. Ngakho Manstein lasungula okuhlaselayo kuzo zonke izimpi.

Ukuze sisekele elihamba futhi armored izimoto lapha zithathwe omkhulu nosimende self ezinezinjini "UKarl" futhi engakaze ibonwe lingakanani howitzer umile, ethiwa igama owesifazane "Dora". Kodwa, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, amabutho aseSoviet sibekezelele ukumelana kanzima isitha futhi kwawona lo kuhlaselwa ngemuva kuhlaselwa. kamuva 4 kuphela izinsuku ibutho lamaJalimane elahlekile lapha angaba yizinkulungwane 20. amasosha zayo.

Izinto zashintsha empini kwenzeke 17 Juni - emva lihaqiwe ibhethri 30-th. Njengoba esingu zonke ezingekho emthethweni, kusho abavikeli baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe ku array imibhoshongo. Le mpi wathuthela ingaphakathi. Abavikeli azange abe ukudla noma amanzi, ngaphandle amaJalimane aqala ukusebenzisa nesisi esinobuthi. Ngo-June 20-21, kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde abangu baqede ihlandla labo. abavikeli abaningi baye bafa yokufa kabuhlungu, futhi abasindile, kuhlanganise induna 30 Ibhethri Alexander, bathunjwa futhi babhubha emakamu amaNazi.

Isigaba lokugcina ukusebenza

Ukuvikelwa Sevastopol yabhujiswa. Kusukela ngo-June 24, izinsalela iRed Army kanye abahlali lokusinda omuzi aqala ukuya Cape isiqondiso №35 ibhethri. isibindi ayekufezile nesibindi amatilosi Black Sea Fleet ushaya ukwesaba netwetwe ezinhliziyweni izitha zabo. LamaJalimane ngokuya isibambo encirclement futhi saqala ukufiphaza abavikeli komuzi lapho waya olwandle. Sesifikile isikhathi lapho ukubaleka bekulokhu ndawo.

ibutho Manstein sika balahlekelwa omkhulu, kodwa namanje Waqhubeka ecasula. Naphezu kokuhlaselwa kusukela emoyeni futhi izwe, ibhethri №35 kwaholela bombardment njalo izikhundla isitha. Kodwa ngo-June 23, omunye imibhoshongo yamakhambi ibhethri labhujiswa hit ngqo ibhomu. Uma amagobolondo seziqediwe, amasosha aqhubeka ukushaja cores isibhamu grapeshot.

ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi

Ebusuku Juni 29 umkhandlu wezempi futhi umyalo ugu ukuzivikela ibhethri №35 iyiswe isikhundla enye. Ngosuku olulandelayo, umbiko wathunyelwa Yabantu Commissar we Navy ngoba yokubuyiswa Sevastopol futhi icela kuhlengwe bonke abasebenzi. Julayi 1, kwase zafinyelela izindiza ukuthatha ebhodini isakhiwo umyalo wabo, okuyinto empeleni isono wabaleka, kusale ukuba afe. Indoda ezingaphezu kuka-80 eziyinkulungwane!

Ngosuku olufanayo emzini yadluliselwa. Ngu oda Jikelele novikov kwemibhoshongo abangu yasha kanye sela nezinhlamvu. Kodwa mangisho ukuthi izinsuku ngisho isikhathi esingaphezu 10 abavikeli isiphelile alwa izenzo ukuzivikela. Against zazisetshenziselwa flamethrowers, amabhomu nesisi esinobuthi. Ukulwa baqhubeka hhayi kuphela phezu kodwa ngaphakathi casemates ibhethri.

Ngenxa yalokho, edume ugu ibhethri 35 emisa futhi agcinwe isikhathi eside omunye wamabutho okuhamba phambili Wehrmacht, okwaphumela lube buthaka enkulu kwezinhloko zamaviyo lobuNazi ngesikhathi kwaseStalingrad.

izibhamu ezinkulu German

ka ekumeleleni Sevastopol Indaba ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle Ukhulumé yokuthi ukubhujiswa amabhethri 30 futhi lama-35 babesebenzisa amaNazi izibhamu ezinkulukazi "UCarl" futhi "Dora", kwaklanywa futhi kwadalwa ukuba "Krupp" izimboni wenkampani German. Babeqale babehlele zisebenzisa yaseFrance emgqeni Maginot lokushaya, kodwa njengoba wazi, izwe wahlaselwa umbani, kanye nesidingo lokushaya wanyamalala ngokwalo.

Ikakhulukazi umxhwele esikusize ngendlela lingakanani isibhamu "Dora", eyayintula 800-milimitha isibhamu osezingeni. Lokhu giant kuhlaziywe 1.350 amathani kanye projectile kuso - 7088 kg. Kwakuthinta zilethwe Sebastopol ngesitimela i umbono yamila phezu eziklanyelwe lezi amapulatifomu izinjongo. Ukuze ahlanganise isibhamu Bajabula lapho kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezintathu. Ukuze lililethe isimo ukusebenza, kudingeka ingxenye kwaba 5 km, ehlanganisa wesitimela ithrekhi ezimbili nge ibanga phakathi amathrekhi 6 m. Ukuze baphathe isibhamu, ingqikithi 5 wathatha izitimela ehlanganisa izinqola 106.

Ngaphansi umyalo uMajor General ngawo insimbi giant, kwakukhona kuze izinkulungwane zabantu, futhi njengoba cover for izikhali ezisetshenziswa Battalion ezimbili wezikhali.

AmaJalimane lalinethemba ngoba lesi simanga-isikhali, kodwa akuyona kulingane futhi kancane wonke amathemba. Of 48 isibhamu, eyodwa kuphela waphumelela - labhujiswa i komhlaba izinhlamvu edepho.

"Dora" kwakumnandi ngempela isimangaliso eziphathelene nezempi, kodwa sengathi wathi ngaye esinye sezikhonzi senior kaHitler eJalimane Frants Galder, "Lena wobuciko, kodwa, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi yalutho."

Museum

Ngemva kokuphela ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, e-40-60s, isinyathelo ugu ibhethri # 723, etholakala emigodini wangaphambili, lapho ngaphambili kwaku 35 Ibhethri. Sevastopol njalo wakhumbula ahlonishwe inkumbulo amasosha wafela khona.

Emashumini eminyaka yokugcina yekhulu XX okwanda isithakazelo izenzakalo ubudala nobuqhawe. Kulezi zindawo babeqhuba imihlangano Veterans, kanye isinyathelo amaqembu search ahlukahlukene. Esaba umphakathi futhi amanye amakhasi ezazingaziwa ka sokuzivikela salo muzi, futhi nendima eyadlalwa kuwo 35 ibhethri. Sevastopol, omlando wakhe uya emuva ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ecebile izenzo zobuqhawe. Futhi Apreli 26, 2006 City Council ekugcineni wanquma ukusungula ensimini ka edume ibhethri ugu zomlando-yesikhumbuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuze badunyiswe ka abavikeli iqhawe-dolobha.

"35 ibhethri" Museum waqala ukwakha ngo-2007. Sevastopol usunike umhlaba lenhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo, kodwa ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa, ukuthuthukiswa kanye okuqukethwe yakhe bazinikela ukuba ejensi kahulumeni namabhizinisi kwangasese "Tavrida Electric" iqhaza Sevastopol ukhathazekile.

Tours baqhuba onkulunkulu imemori nebhethri casemates at a mayelana 25-30 amamitha ukujula. Bonke bangabangasokile ngokuphelele khulula.

Kanjani lapho

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe Indawo - Coast Cossack Bay, 35 Ibhethri, Sebastopol. Kanjani ukuze baye khona? Isakhiwo ayisikhumbuzo "35 ibhethri ugu" engafinyelelwa kokubili kwi siqu futhi izithuthi zomphakathi. Hamba lapha eziningi amatekisi, amabhasi kanye trolleybuses. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhamuzi ngasinye bayokujabulela ukukutshela indlela.

Izinqaba ibhethri 35, Sevastopol - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu Soviet wezikhali izinqaba. Manje amashumi ezinkulungwane izivakashi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene sondelani yisikhumbuzo ukuhlonipha imemori elikhanyayo heroes owafa empini ukungalingani kanye abahlaseli amaNazi.