Ziyizizukulwane zika izilimi Indo-European: izibonelo, amaqembu ezizwe nezilimi, ikakhulukazi

legatsha Indo-European izilimi ingenye elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu nase-Asia imikhaya ulimi. It sandile zokugcina 5 eminyaka amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Australia nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika. izilimi Indo-European ukuba Age of Discovery athatha izwe labakwa-East Turkistan, esemgwaqweni empumalanga, entshonalanga ye-Ireland, kusukela e-Indiya eningizimu kuya enyakatho eScandinavia. Amalungu omkhaya kuhlanganisa ngezilimi ezingaba ngu-140. Sekukonke ekhulunywe abantu mayelana 2 billion (2007 bala). IsiZulu uthatha indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwabo, inani zenethiwekhi.

Inani izilimi Indo-European ekhatsi yezilimi ngokuqhathanisa-zomlando

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa ngokuqhathanisa linvistiki zomlando indima ebalulekile ukuthi cwaningo izilimi Indo-European. Iqiniso lokuthi nemindeni yabo kwaba omunye ososayensi lokuqala abaye ukubizwa ukujula okukhulu yesikhashana. Njengomthetho, kwezesayensi nakweminye imikhaya kunqunywa, ngokugxila ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile phezu zathola okuhlangenwe nakho isifundo izilimi Indo-European.

Izindlela Ukuqhathanisa izilimi

Izilimi ingafaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. I typology ingenye ezivame kakhulu babo. Lokhu izinhlobo cwaningo imihlola yezilimi, kanye ukuthola ngesisekelo imithetho jikelele ezikhona emazingeni ehlukene. Nokho, le ndlela akukwazi zofuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, usebenzisa asikwazi Wafunda izilimi ngokuya imvelaphi yabo. Iqhaza esiyinhloko izifundo ukuqhathanisa kumele badlale inkolelo yokungafi nokuzwelana, kanye indlela yokusungulwa yayo.

ngezigaba bofuzo izilimi Indo-European

Kuyinto Analogue of begazi phezu kwayo abelwe izinhlobo iqembu ezahlukene. Ngenxa wakhe, singakwazi ukuhlela ezihlukahlukene ngezilimi, zazo zikhona ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Khomba amaphethini, singanciphisa konke lokhu isethi a Inani elincane imikhaya ulimi. I kwaphumela zofuzo ngezigaba Imiphumela Ziwusizo hhayi kuphela yezilimi, kodwa futhi eziningi nezinye ezihlobene. Zibalulekile ikakhulukazi ethnography njengoba ukuvela nokuthuthuka kwezilimi ezahlukene ezihlobene eduze ethnogenesis (ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaqembu ezinhlanga).

ziyizizukulwane zika izilimi Indo-European kusikisela ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwabo zithuthukiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu ungaboniswa ngendlela yokuthi ibanga therebetween inyuka, okuyinto kukalwa njengoba ubude amagatsha esihlahla noma imicibisholo.

Igatsha likaNobhala umndeni Indo-European

ziyizizukulwane zika izilimi Indo-European has amagatsha amaningi. Kuyo ivelele njengeqembu elikhulu futhi ehlanganisa kusetshenziswe ulimi olulodwa kuphela. Lapha benjalo. Lokhu LesiGreki Sanamuhla, izilimi Indo-Iranian, I-ithalikhi (kuhlanganise Latin), Roman, Celtic, zamaJalimane, Slavic, aseBaltic, Albanian, Armenia, Anatolia (umHeti-Lubian) kanye Tocharian. Lokhu kubandakanya, ngaphezu, eziningi ezingasekho, aziwa kithi evela emithonjeni ubala, ikakhulu isicwebezelisi ezimbalwa, kunemibhalo namagama indawo antroponimii ababhali WaseByzantium nesiGreki. Lokhu kwakunenqaba yabaseThrace, Phrygian, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, izilimi Venetic. Abakwazi ngokuqiniseka sithi eyodwa noma elinye iqembu (legatsha). Mhlawumbe kufanele zabelwe amaqembu azimele (amagatsha), lokulandisa isihlahla lozalo izilimi Indo-European. Ososayensi ihlukaniswe ngalolu daba.

Yiqiniso, kwakukhona ngaphandle kwalezo ezibalwe ngenhla, nezinye izilimi Indo-European. isiphetho sabo wayehlukile. Ezinye zazo seziqothuliwe ngokuphelele, abanye bashiye iminonjana ezimbalwa isichazamazwi of substrate futhi toponomastike. Kwenziwa imizamo alulame kwezinye izilimi Indo-European zale amathrekhi abampofu. I emifanekisweni edume kakhulu lolu hlobo zihlanganisa ulimi Cimmerian. Kusolakala ukuthi washiya iminonjana ku aseBaltic nasengxenyeni Slavic. Futhi of inothi iyona Pelagie, olukhulunywa abantu pre-Greek yaseGrisi yasendulo.

Pidgin

Phakathi ukunwetshwa izilimi Indo-European ezihlukahlukene okuye kwenzeka phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, ku Romanesque futhi German kwamiswa esekelwe eziningi ezintsha - Pidgin. Basuke izimpawu isichazamazwi ngokuphelele esifushanisiwe (1.5 th. Amagama noma ngaphansi) kanye lolimi lula. Ngemva kwalokho, ezinye zazo creolized, nezinye ephezulu grade ensimbi tekusebentisa ineluhlelo. Lawa Bislama, nesiTok Pisin, Krio e Sierra Leone, e-Equatorial Guinea kanye Gambia; seshelva ku Seychelles; Mauritius, futhi Haitian Réunionnaise et al.

Njengoba isibonelo, incazelo emfushane umndeni ezimbili Indo-European izilimi. Eyokuqala wabo - Tajik.

Tajik

It kungokwalabo umndeni Indo-European, igatsha lase-Indo-Iranian futhi iqembu Iranian. He is a state e Tajikistan, okwakuthe chithi saka esikhathini Asia Ephakathi. Kanye ulimi Dari izincwadi ipholisemi Tajiks Afghanistan, sihlobana empumalanga zone okusha Persian lwesigodi continuum. Lolu limi kubhekwe njengento okuhlukile umPheresiya (enyakatho-mpumalanga). Namanje ukuqonda kungenzeka phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa ulimi Tajik, futhi Persian abakhuluma izakhamuzi Iran.

Ossetic

It kungokwalabo izilimi Indo-European ukuba igatsha Indo-Iranian leqembu Iranian futhi iqeqebana empumalanga. ulimi Ossetic kuvamile eNingizimu futhi North Ossetia. Inombolo ephelele izipikha nxazonke ayizinkulungwane 450-500. Man. Kwakukhona iminonjana oxhumana sakudala Slavic, Turks and Finno-Ugric. ulimi Ossetic has zezigodi ezimbili: Insimbi Digor.

Ukuwa base ulimi

Kungakapheli yesine yeminyaka BC. e. kwakukhona wokugoqa base olulodwa Indo-European. Lo mcimbi kwaholela ukuvela abathandekayo eziningi ezintsha. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, imbewu eqala ukukhuluphala isihlahla lozalo izilimi Indo-European. Akungatshazwa ukuthi ulimi umHeti-Luwian ahlukaniswe kuqala. Kwabiwa kwesikhatsi legatsha Tocharian impikiswano kunawo ngenxa ukusweleka idatha.

Imizamo sihlanganise sinamagatsha ehlukene

Ngu Indo-European umndeni ulimi kuhlanganisa amagatsha eziningi. Akuwona wonke umzamo ukuhlanganisa kubo nomunye Kuye kwenziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, thina hypothesize ukuthi Slavic futhi Baltic izilimi obuseduze ngokukhethekile. Kusolwa mayelana Ithalikhi futhi Celtic. Kodwana neyaziwayo kakhulu ubhekwa inyunyana izilimi Iranian futhi Indo-Aryan, futhi Nuristani futhi Dard egatsheni Indo-Iranian. Kwezinye izimo, ngisho ephethwe ukubuyisela sici Proto Indo-Iranian amafomula ngamazwi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi lwamaSlav siwuhlobo ulimi Indo-European ezaziwayo. Kodwa namanje akunqunywa ngokunembile yini noma cha ukwaba izilimi zabo igatsha ehlukile. Kuyefana nasendleleni izizwe aseBaltic. Balto-Slavic ubunye kubangela eziningi impikiswano kule inhlangano njengoba umndeni ulimi Indo-European. Izizwe ayikwazi ngokungananazi kukhonjwe legatsha ethile.

Njengoba for nye imibono eyayisinesikhathi, bonke sinqatshiwe e isayensi yesimanje. izici ezehlukene zingaba isisekelo division of the pool enkulu njengoba umndeni ulimi Indo-European. Abantu kuyinto othwala ezithile lezilimi baningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uhlukanise wabo ngakho ayilula kangako. Redprinyaty bekwenziwa imizamo ahlukahlukene ukwakha uhlelo ngalokulingene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana imiphumela Indo-European velar ungwaqa zonke izilimi leli qembu zahlukaniswa Centum futhi satem. Lezi izinhlangano abashiwo ku reflection ukuthini amazwi athi "abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi". Ezilimini satemnyh umsindo sokuqala izwi PIE kubonakala ngesimo "sh", "c", njalo njalo. N. Njengoba kentumnyh, ukuthi libhekene "x", "ukuze" kanye nokunye. N.

comparativists lokuqala

Ukuvela ngokuqhathanisa yezilimi zomlando efanele libhekisela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi lihlotshaniswa igama Franz Bopp. Encwadini yakhe ethi, waqale kwafakazela ubuhlobo yesayensi izilimi Indo-European.

comparativists Okokuqala ubuzwe babe amaJalimane. It F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm nabanye. Baqale yabhekisela yokuthi Sanskrit (ulimi Indian lasendulo) kuyafana German. Zafakazela ukuthi kwezinye izilimi zase-Iran, Indian kanye European banendabuko efanayo. Khona-ke, abacwaningi kuhlanganiswe wabayisa "Indo-zamaJalimane" umndeni. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwatholakala ukuthi kabusha Proto eqhulwini njengoba Slavic futhi aseBaltic. Ngakho, igama elisha - "zezilimi Indo-European."

Inani Avgusta Shleyhera

Agasti Schleicher (isithombe ngenhla ibonisa) phakathi nekhulu le-19, wafingqa impumelelo comparativists ngaphambili. Wachaza elincane umndeni Indo-European ngamunye, ngokukhethekile, nesimo salo acwebile. Usosayensi aphakanyisiwe ukusetshenziswa izimiso ezivamile-ulimi yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo. Ukuthi lolusuku umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo zalo siqu, yena akangabazanga. Schleicher ngisho ubhale umbhalo ngolimi Proto-Indo-European, ukusungulwa kubo. Lokhu inganekwane "Izimvu kanye namahhashi."

yezilimi Comparative kwakhiwa ngenxa izifundo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene izilimi, kanye zokuwugaya ukufakazela ziyezwana yabo nokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo zombuso umthombo prayazykovogo. Agasti Schleicher udumo inqubo kwendikimba yentuthuko yabo njengoba lozalo. iqembu Indo-European lwezilimi luyavela ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesimo esilandelayo: emgqonyeni - ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo amadlozi, iqembu izilimi ahlobene ningamagatsha. isihlahla Family wayengumuntu isithombe esicacile ubuhlobo ezikude naseduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuboniswa khona ehlobene eduze Proto jikelele (Baltic-Slavic - amadlozi aseBaltic nasengxenyeni Slavic, isiJalimane kanye Slavic - amadlozi aseBaltic, zamaJalimane kanye Slavic, njll ...).

Ucwaningo lwamuva Quentin Atkinson

Muva nje, i Iqembu lomhlaba wonke ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo izazi zezilimi wathola ukuthi iqembu izilimi Indo-European uvela Anatolia (iTurkey).

Kwaba esona Ngokombono wabo, kuyinto okwazalelwa kuyo leli qembu. Labacwaningi elaliholwa Quentin Atkinson, isazi sezinto eziphilayo etholakala University waseNew Zealand Auckland. Ososayensi babevame ukuzibuza sihlaziye izindlela ezahlukene Indo-European izilimi, okuye sasitadisha ukuvela kwezinhlobo. Bona ihlaziye isitoko silulumagama ngezilimi 103. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlolisisa idatha ukuthuthukiswa yabo zomlando nokusatshalaliswa womhlaba. Kulesi sisekelo, abacwaningi wenza lesi siphetho.

Ukucabangela cognates

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba laba ososayensi wafunda kanjani iqembu umndeni ulimi Indo-European? Babebheka cognates. Lona impande ngezwi elifanayo, okuyinto abe umsindo ezifanayo futhi imvelaphi ezivamile izilimi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile amagama kancane wadalula izinguquko ngokuhamba kwemvelo (ekhombisa ubudlelwane emkhayeni, amagama izingxenye zomzimba nezabizwana). Ososayensi kuqhathaniswa nenani cognates ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Kulesi sisekelo, bazimisele ngokwezinga yobuhlobo bawo. Ngakho, cognates abangu sifaniswa ufuzo, futhi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo - umehluko cognates.

Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha zomlando kanye nedatha kwendawo

Ososayensi ke yakhetha idatha engokomlando esikhathini lapho nezinsolo imizimba izilimi kwehlukana. Ngokwesibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi onyakeni 270 ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin balihlukanisa izilimi zesiLatini. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, uMbusi uAurelian zinquma ukuhoxisa esifundazweni Dacia Roman bamakoloni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi esetshenziswa idatha ku ukusatshalaliswa zamanje ezindawo ka ngezilimi ezahlukene.

imiphumela yocwaningo

Ngemva ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi etholakale yasungulwa isihlahla yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esekelwe imibono eyayisinesikhathi ezimbili ezilandelayo: Barrow Anatolia. Abacwaningi kuqhathaniswa kwesihlahla ezimbili okuholela, wathola ukuthi "Anatolia" ngokuya izibalo iyona cishe kunazo.

nozakwethu edidayo kakhulu kwaba yokusabela kuya imiphumela etholakala ngokuzikhandla iqembu Atkinson. Izazi eziningi ziye waveza ukuthi uma ziqhathaniswa kwemvelo kolimi akwamukeleki, ngoba izindlela ezahlukene. Nokho, abanye ososayensi baye bakuthola nezaba nokusebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo. Nokho, iqembu wagxekwa yokuthi wayengazange ihlolwe umbono wesithathu, Balkan.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuze kube yimanje, umbono main ngemvelaphi yezilimi Indo-European kukhona Anatolia kanye endundumeni. Ngokwe lokuqala, ethandwa kakhulu phakathi mlando izazi zezilimi, kakhokho kuzo - emaqeleni Black Sea. Okunye imicabango, Anatolia kanye Balkan basikisela ukuthi izilimi Indo-European embula Anatolia (esimweni sokuqala) noma iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan (wesibili).