Yamatshe WaseByzantium ka Ravenna

Edolobhaneni yesifundazwe, etholakala ogwini Adriatic Sea, ngokuvamile washintsha ababusi, futhi ngamunye kubo wazama ukuhlobisa Ravenna izigodlo entsha namathempeli, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi jewel Italian isiba isikhungo ezinkulu art yezakhiwo kuleli zwe. Kutholwe phakathi East and West, kuba kuyinqolobane amasayithi esiyingqayizivele zomlando, abayisishiyagalombili okuyizinto ngaphansi kwesivikelo UNESCO.

Nokho, isici esikhanga kakhulu nge we Ravenna esibusisekile kubhekwa yamatshe eyigugu kakhulu, okuyinto babonakala ngokoqobo kuzo zonke izindawo. QUALITY wakhe lezimanga ukusebenza owuthanda loba ngubani othinta emagugu emasiko yedolobha nge esidlule ocebile.

Ubuciko BoMbuso WaseByzantium

I WaseByzantium ukukhiqizwa KaMose yafakwa ekusakazeni, wonke amathempeli nezigodlo yasebukhosini yayigcinwa ehlotshiswe zabalingiswa ingilazi enombala. Yiqiniso, lena akuyona igama ngempela lesifanele, njengoba art - hhayi ubuciko. Abadali yemisebenzi enkulu ebhaliwe abazi ukupenda, futhi abangu ukubuthwa smalt izicucu.

I zezimbali art KaMose ewela ekhulwini V-VI, ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke emhlabeni babhekwa njengabantu abadala obukhulu kuzo Ravenna yamatshe nemifanekiso Hagia Sophia (waseConstantinople). isonto sezomlando e Istanbul futhi kuze kube namuhla aye wasigcina amandla nobukhulu ngalo yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela by abadali yayo - Abadali of Byzantium lasendulo. imisebenzi Beautiful siba esibaluleke kakhulu isiko emhlabeni, ziye zalondolozwa zisesimweni esihle.

Amathempeli yamatshe we Ravenna: ukucasha okunethezeka

Early obuKristu, esukela V-VII eminyaka, lapho Ravenna laliyinhloko-dolobha eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, akekho wamangala izixazululo yezakhiwo nobuhle ekhethekile. Izivakashi omuzi wasendulo bayavuma ukuthi kakusikho ukusoka okusobala enyameni ke akwenzi umbono: emgwaqweni izimpawu, endaweni ukucasha, ukuntuleka isimo kumnandi futhi umbala ekhethekile. Nokho, phezu mbumbulu grey nokuhlobisa amathempeli obukhulu isitini izindonga kufihla ifa KaMose edolobheni. imisebenzi Original yobuciko kufihlakele emehlweni prying, futhi ukuze uwathole, kuyodingeka uthole ibalazwe kwalesi sigodi, etholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Italy.

Mosaics ka Ravenna emahle emhlabeni wonke ukuthi ezinye izinto eziqondene namasiko izohlala singabanjwa yizivakashi. ingcebo engenakuqhathaniswa ukuthi akekho noyedwa olingana kunoma iyiphi idolobha emhlabeni, kufihlwe ngemuva mbumbulu azikubheki of izakhiwo mlando. Ngaphambi sikhuluma nokuziqhenya eyinhloko Ravenna, udinga ukuba banake izici lezi imidwebo.

KaMose of smalt

KaMose - umhlobiso oluthandayo obuKristu lapho emelela ngokugcwele kakhulu izimiso yobuhle zezwe zenkolo. Le Umdwebo iye akhiwa baseByzantium, idale ubuchwepheshe esikhethekile ukukhiqizwa glazes. I elula handling ingilazi kunezelwa ezihlukahlukene izinsimbi (igolide, i-copper, nabanye) ukunikeza shades of imibala ehlukene. Isici esiyinhloko yale midwebo KaMose kwakufanele ezifanayo ngobukhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezitini ezingakhiwanga kahle wabeka.

yamatshe WaseByzantium e Ravenna isibe esiyinhloko e umhlobiso emathuneni, amathempeli, izakhiwo, lapho imisebenzi ngaphambili nangasemuva ezibukwayo. Isihloko oyinhloko imidwebo omkhulukazi baba yomlando wobuKristu futhi izindaba eziseBhayibhelini. Ubuchwepheshe laying glazes minyaka yathuthuka, futhi abalobi izingoma emangalisayo ukuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa ezintsha nemibala emisha.

Izici yobuchwepheshe

Yini ehlukanisa KaMose WaseByzantium LamaRoma? Isici esiyinhloko ukusetshenziswa igolide iba ngemuva lapho babekwa emabhuloki nge ebusweni unpolished, is zihlukaniswa isikhundla salo isihlobo kwezinye izakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhosi esetshenziswa wabuka bushelelezi lapho imingcele imifanekiso yemizimba noma izinto, okuyinto wanika Ukwakheka kuya ukucaciseleka isizinda akhishwa imisebe yalo. Ngakho sidalwe indwangu olulodwa, kahle anombala ocwazimulayo ngokuvutha amakhandlela ukukhanyisa zemvelo. Ezimnandi umdlalo imibala futhi ukucabanga ukudala umphumela izithombe ezinyakazayo, ukuphila kwabo.

Abaculi Ravenna KaMose art izikole, kudala esikhathini V of VII ubudala, ukusebenza Palette, glazes ehlanganisa imibala eyisisekelo futhi ezihlukahlukene ezihlukile. Ngokuvamile, cubes babe elingunxande, ukuma sikwele, nakuba ezinye izithombe ungabona round futhi izakhi okusaqanda ezinobukhulu enkulu - kusuka 7 kuya ku-15 mm.

Heritage yesimanjemanje

Mosaics ka Ravenna, okuyinto yaba inhloko-dolobha eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, neze kunabayeni imisebenzi emangalisayo waseConstantinople. City, owasizalela isihloko kahle yobuciko namasiko, has a amagugu ecebile, okuyinto iye yaba umthombo ugqozi for abalobi ezidumile futhi abaculi. Yedolobha lanamuhla akakabakhohlwa amakhono lasendulo: kwelinye zezifundiswa sehlukane KaMose, okuyinto wavakashela kokubili abafundi Italian angaphandle. It elibamba workshop kanye nezinkulumo, uletha ndawonye ochwepheshe abavela emhlabeni jikelele.

Ravenna yafuna amathalenta enze umsebenzi wokuvuselela, ukudala amakhophi emangalisa yemisebenzi edume kunazo angathengwa ku zobuciko komuzi. Iziphathimandla bayaziqaphela KaMose yenhloko-dolobha, ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko - akusiyo nje kuphela ukulondoloza ingcebo kazwelonke, kodwa futhi ukuze abenze umphakathi.

Mausoleum ka lamaGalla Placidia

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo iyona Mausoleum ka lamaGalla Placidia e Ravenna. KaMose kwakheka amakhosi V leminyaka WaseByzantium wadala owanikhipha kusukela Istanbul uTheodosius indodakazi Omkhulu. Eqinisweni, njengoba abacwaningi bathola, akuyona ethuneni yangempela, njengoba Gallus wangcwatshwa eRoma, futhi lesi sakhiwo, ngifuna ngempela alithandeki, kuyinto indlwana encane anikezelwe St Lawrence - the ongumvikeli lwamakhosi umndeni.

Ingrown phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana ofihlwe ezweni isakhiwo isitini, uhlobo okuyinto obumangalisayo zonke isivakashi. Through the amafasitela ewumngcingo, wabeka nejaspi amapuleti, engena imisebe yelanga, futhi ukukhanya dim anombala ocwazimulayo KaMose cubes Ravenna, ungathi ubucwebecwebe. Lesi simangaliso incazelo - ngakho ukudlala smalt okuxhunyanwa ezihlukile umbala. isehlakalo ukukhanya Ghost phezu roughened kubonakala at engele ezahlukene, kanye vaults futhi izindonga Mausoleum kwakubonakala ukuncibilikisa phambi izivakashi ajabulile.

ubuhle angempela

Mosaics ka Ravenna, izithombe ezibangela isasasa ngisho naphakathi kwabantu zisekude ubuciko, ngokushesha. Dome of the Mausoleum UNESCO evikelwe kuyinto blue besibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi maphakathi nalo kukhanya esiphambanweni segolide, iqondiswe empumalanga, futhi ezine lwaleli ehlotshiswe Amatshwayo abavangeli baseByzantium - inkunzi, ibhubesi, ukhozi ingelosi. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona izwe aphumayo lasendulo, futhi wizadi izobonisa imidwebo ngesikhathi ubuhle ezahlukene ngokuphelele - yaphezulu.

kufanekisa

Young iisus hristos ufanekiselwa nomalusi olungile sizungezwe wezimvukazi. Kuvamile ukuba isithombe yokuqala yobuKristu koMsindisi, kuphela izingubo zethu onsomi negolide abonisa ngubani phambi kwethu empeleni. Kubonakala imifanekiso abangcwele on isizinda eluhlaza, ukukhumbuze of izinhlamvu zasendulo togas Roman, futhi amagilebhisi - a bacchanalia yobuqaba.

Nokho, abaculi abenza KaMose, wanika kuwumfuziselo zonke image: ukulalela izimvu zikaKristu - umhlambi, ophuza okucacile ekusakazeni namajuba inyamazane - amaKristu, iyavuleka sifundiso esisha, futhi samagrebhisi - ensimini yase-Edene, lapho amakholwa iwe.

Mosaics ka Basilica of San Vitale

Eduze Mausoleum nesonto odumile San Vitale e Ravenna. Mosaics ka Basilica, eyenziwe izingcweti WaseByzantium kukhona ingcebo eyinhloko lesikhumbuzo atehlukanisa ezibukeka lathumela, lapho izinsalela ongumvikeli edolobheni esibusisekile - St Vital. NgamaKristu abelokhu wazibuza yini ubuhle engokomoya, hhayi yangaphandle, hhayi ehlotshisiwe amathempeli awo, igcinelwe ukunethezeka umhlobiso ingaphakathi. Made in yamatshe VI ekhulwini WaseByzantium San Vitale e Ravenna, okuyinto ayebhekwa ngaphandle enhle kunazo omkhulu waseConstantinople, kuhlobisa altare Ngokwengxenye, Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba futhi ekuphakameni kwe-altare. Scenes kusukela zeTestamente Elidala, isithombe sikaJesu nabangcwele, uMbusi uJustinian nomkakhe zihluke kakhulu imidwebo Mausoleum.

Isizinda labalulekile eluLwimi imidwebo imele umbala yegolide, futhi izibalo ibukeke balahlekelwe into. Baphenduka ku ngal flat futhi kubonakale ehlukaniswe nemizimba. Ngisho noma ocingweni lokuzenzela esindayo izingubo ngaphansi emphethweni zabo ungazizwa nemizimba yenyama. amehlo mesmerizing of amehlo omkhulu ngesikhathi abantu baxoshwa.

Ingqikithi okungokomoya

On the emidwebweni ukuboniswa master ubuhlakani hhayi okwesikhashana, futhi zanxusa i-okuphakade, ngokungakhombisi igobolondo impahla, kanye nobunkulunkulu nokunyakaza shintsho izithombe eqhweni indlela ekhanyako esikhundleni ivolumu. Azikho shades of ushintsho oluhle, futhi yamatshe San Vitale e Ravenna kuyinto umbala izindawo ezinkulu.

WaseByzantium abalobi engaziwa angikaze ngimbone kuKesari futhi umkakhe wazama ukudlulisela akuyona ngomfanekiso portrait kanye essence esingokomoya, ukuqaphela imibono yabo yobuhle. Umyeni wakhe, le nkosi enkulu, kuvezwa isikhathi lapho iSonto ezithwala imbiza yegolide njengesipho. ikhanda uJustinian sika, ungathathi noma isiphi isinqumo esibalulekile ngaphandle kowesifazane, ihlobe a-halo. Akunakwenzeka ukubona ndawana ubuntu: yonke inyama futhi besikhashana kwesokunxele ngaphandle kwethempeli, kanye umbusi ungene ngesiwombe sesibili ufanekiselwe umbusi.

Basic umbala panel ogcizelela samaholide umoya sokukhulekela - omhlophe, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, igolide, green. Izingcezu glazes abekwa at engele ezahlukene nasemazulwini, ukukhanya kwawo sasikhipha kunikeza umbono isimo emangalisayo kwakwande kwelanga okufudumele. Akwaziwa, ukuthi ushaya kakhulu: Ukwakheka ezicatshangwe kahle, ezifekethisiweyo imininingwane, noma ephelele umbala ofanayo.

Kwangezikhathi Baptistry of Neon

Ekhulwini V, kwakukhona into lathumela, waqaphela njengesinye sezakhiwo zasendulo abalulekile kakhulu emhlabeni - i okubhapathiza edolobheni. Ravenna KaMose, ephelele inlays zemabula emaceleni, sengathi alotshiwe isakhiwo Dome, senzelwe ubhapathizo kanye ngubani yobudala efanayo njengoba Mausoleum ka lamaGalla Placidia.

Masters babesebenzisa isu esiyingqayizivele: zonke izingcezu futhi uhlukanisa izakhi zabo - uhlobo ezahlukene, kanye disk emaphakathi ukusakaza imisebe segolide. On iphaneli oluyingungu kungabonwa umbhaphathizo Kristu nguJohane yesehlakalo Baptist, juba, efanekisela uMoya oNgcwele, abaphostoli abangu-12, sithwele umqhele nokufel 'ukholo. Izinombolo izithunywa zikaNkulunkulu, kuboniswe amnyama kungemuva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziboniswe ukunyakaza, kanye ebusweni lapho banyathela izikhamo, ubukeka elula. UJesu wabuye wathi: amajazi linqobe imibala emibili - igolide nomhlophe, kulethe ingokomoya. Ubuso kwabaphostoli, abe ubuntu namandla, onesizotha.

Izikhonzi iJerusalema lasezulwini

Abafundi Kristu kuboniswe abathwali njengoba ukukhanya imfundo okwakuthiwa eyobuKristu. UMsindisi abhapathizwe, iza ngomusa abaphostoli adluliselwa iBandla emhlabeni, okuyinto zifanekisela ama-altare okuvezwayo. Futhi izihlahla zezithelo ku Dome of the okubhapathiza abahlangene Umoya wobuKristu, ungethele izithelo ezinhle. umhlobiso okunjalo ocebile izakhiwo zenkolo wagcizelela ukubaluleka esikhethekile ubhapathizo amakholwa, futhi wonke Ukwakheka ihlobene linesihloko we-New Jerusalem - edolobheni, wathumela UJesu Emhlabeni-winner.

Omunye kungaba kuphela zibabaza isipho esikhethekile amathalenta nameless, okuyinto uqhosha Ravenna yesimanje. Mosaics futhi frescos okubhapathiza, uphahlwe amatshe amancane ocebile umbala Palette, ngokunemba ukukhomba kwakwenziwa amakhosi WaseByzantium bendawo hhayi. Baye wadala Ukwakheka ajabulisayo, ezinemibala egqamile siyakhazimula.

imisebenzi esingenantengo

Ravenna Lasendulo, aphambuka dolobha elikhulu edolobheni yesifundazwe, Liyindawo zithandwa yizivakashi. Sekudlule iminyaka eminingi, kushintshile, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi wahlala yobuciko ayo abizayo ukuthi ngasinda Abadali zabo futhi kahle walondoloza. yamatshe Amazing Ravenna, kusukela lapho kunzima zokudonsa ukubukwa Sinesithakazelo zonke izivakashi abakwazisayo izinto ezinhle.