Tu-244 - indiza ethwele abagibeli leSupersonic

Uma abantu baqala kahle esibhakabhakeni esinamandla, ihlala yokuthuthukisa izindiza ukubenza eziqinile, ngokushesha, capacious ngaphezulu. Omunye ezisunguliwe ezintsha iningi lesintu kulesi siqondiso kukhona leSupersonic ezindizeni ezithwala. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ngaphandle ezingavamile, iningi ngentuthuko isivaliwe noma okwamanje esigabeni okusalungiswa. Omunye msebenzi kuyinto leSupersonic umgibeli izindiza Tu-244, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

ngokushesha kunokuba umsindo

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sihambe uqale ukukhuluma ngqo mayelana Tu-244, ake uthathe uhambo olufushane ku emlandweni wesintu ukuba banqobe ijubane ithuba umsindo, ngoba izindiza kuyoba ukuqhutshekiselwa oqondile ocwaningweni olwalwenziwe kule ndawo.

umfutho Obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni zezindiza linikwe neMpi Yezwe II. Kulapho kukhona imiklamo wangempela indiza jet izinjini uyakwazi ngesivinini isikulufa okukhulu. Kusukela engxenyeni-yalolucwaningo 40 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka lesibili, baba ayematasa izokwamukelwa kokubili zezindiza ezempi kanye civil.

Umsebenzi olandelayo kwaba ukukhulisa ijubane indiza. Uma uphuma ku umgoqo leSupersonic Kwakungenzima, umane okwandisa amandla injini, le ukunqoba kwayo nenkinga enkulu, ngoba imithetho yezinto ezihamba emoyeni kuleyo ngesivinini ziyahlukahluka.

Noma kunjalo, ukunqoba kuqala umncintiswano umsindo yafinyelelwa ngo-1947, i-American izindiza kokwazi, kodwa bakamalalahlengezela esetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ultrasonic awuzange uqale kwaze kwaba sekupheleni-50 - ekuqaleni 60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XX e zezindiza ezempi. Kukhona amamodeli ekukhiqizeni njengoba MIG-19, ye-North American A-5 Vigilante, Convair F-102 Delta angababulali nabanye abaningi.

Passenger izindiza leSupersonic

Kodwa civil aviation babengenayo le nhlanhla ayenayo. Eyokuqala leSupersonic umgibeli izindiza eziye zavela kuphela 60s sekwephuzile. Futhi okwamanje idaliwe imodeli serial ezimbili kuphela - eSoviet Tu-144 kanye Franco-British "Concord". Lawa kwakungamadodana ejwayelekile eside hola izindiza. Tu-144 kwaba ukusebenza kusukela ngo-1975 kuya 1978, futhi "Concord" - kusukela 1976 kuya ku-2003. Ngakho, ngaleso sikhathi alisetshenziswa, akukho izindiza leSupersonic nge umgibeli traffic.

Sekube emisebenzini eminingi yokwakha ukuze Supersonic futhi izindiza hypersonic, kodwa ezinye zazo ekugcineni ivaliwe (Douglas 2229, Super-Caravelle, T-4, kanye nabanye.), Futhi ezinye ukuqaliswa welulela unomphela (Ukuphendula Izinjini A2, SpaceLiner, Next Generation Supersonic Ezokuthutha). Lesi sakamuva asisebenzi kwi-izindiza Tu-244 phrojekthi.

Qala yentuthuko

Le phrojekthi ukudala indiza, okuyinto bekumele esikhundleni Tu-144 Tupolev waqala ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet, ekuqaleni kwawo-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Uma kuhlelelwa indiza entsha abaklami basebenzisa Umklamo esasisandulele, "Concord", kanye izinto ozakwabo American owaba nengxenye emsebenzini. Zonke izenzakalo abazenzi ngaphansi kokuqondisa Alekseya Andreevicha Tupoleva.

Ngo-1973, indiza esivezwa wabizwa ngokuthi Tu-244.

izinjongo iphrojekthi

Injongo eyinhloko yale phrojekthi kwaba ukudala izindiza yokuncintisana ngempela leSupersonic abagibeli traffic kuqhathaniswa Subsonic jet izindiza. Cishe inzuzo kuphela ayengaphansi phezu yokugcina kwaba inzuzo isivinini. Ngo lonke izindiza leSupersonic elahlekile ziqhathaniswa nezimbangi zazo kancane. Passenger traffic kubo nje akazange akhokhe off kwezomnotho. Ngaphandle izindiza bona yayiyingozi okungaphezu nje indiza nge injini jet. Isici sokugcina, ngenhlanhla kwaba isizathu olusemthethweni for ukusebenza samiswa leSupersonic Tu-144 nje ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbalwa emva ekuqaleni.

Ngakho-ke, ikhambi lalezi zinkinga, futhi zilethwe Onjiniyela we Tu-244. Indiza kumele kube okunokwethenjelwa, okusheshayo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza kwawo ukuze bebanga abagibeli kwadingeka ukuba kube yimpumelelo kodwa kubize.

izici lobuchwepheshe

Imodeli yokugcina Tu - 244, esenziwa ngo-idizayini kwakuwukunciphisa abalandeli lobuchwepheshe kanye izici nokusebenza.

Amatilosi we airliner sakhiwe abantu abathathu. Ingaphakathi umthamo sathathwa ngesilinganiso abagibeli 300. Nokho, e-version yokugcina project ke kwadingeka ukuba usike abantu 254, kodwa noma kunjalo kwaba lingaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho we Tu-154, ehlalisa ingqikithi abagibeli 150.

Kuhlelwe isivinini sokuntweza emoyeni aba yizinkulungwane 2.175. Km / h, okuyinto mkhulu kunezinhliziyo kabili ijubane umsindo. Ukuze uqhathanise, inkomba efanayo Tu-144 zazilingana ayizinkulungwane 2,300 km / h futhi "Concord" - .. ayizinkulungwane 2,125 km / h. Yileyo indiza okuhleliwe ukwenza kancane kancane kuneyokuqala, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu, ukwandisa umthamo wayo, okuyinto okwakuthiwa uletha inzuzo yezomnotho kusukela zokuthutha abagibeli. Movement enikeziwe ezine injini turbofan. Ibhanga ukundiza indiza entsha kwakufanele kube 7500-9200 km. Layisha umthamo - amathani angu-300.

Airplane kufanele abe ubude 88 m, ukuphakama 15 m, kukhukhula iphiko kwaba 45 m kanye ngempumelelo surface area - 965 m ^2.

The main umehluko zangaphandle phakathi izindiza ezintsha kusukela Tu-144 kwakufanele kube noshintsho isakhiwo ekhaleni.

ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo

iphrojekthi yokwakha airliner leSupersonic of isizukulwane Tu-244 Nowesibili wamthatha izikhathi kunalokho olungapheli eziningana uye washintsha abalulekile. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nangemva Ngokuwa Tupolev wamaSoviet wawungafuni ayeke ukuthuthukiswa kulesi siqondiso. Ngokwesibonelo, kakade 1993, ngesikhathi show emoyeni ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ukuthuthukiswa Kuye kwanikezwa eFrance. Nokho, isimo sezomnotho wezwe eminyakeni 90 ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta isiphetho iphrojekthi. Eqinisweni, Isiphelo sakhe kwathi nyá, nakuba umsebenzi design waqhubeka, futhi imibiko esemthethweni Ukuvalwa yayo wayengekho. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, iphrojekthi waqala ngenkuthalo ukujoyina ochwepheshe American, nakuba oxhumana nabo yayiqhutshelwa izinsuku zase-USSR.

Ukuze uqhubeke nocwaningo phezu umgibeli airliner leSupersonic esizukulwane sesibili ngo-1993, ababili Tu-144 abantu iguqulwe ngaphansi laboratory flying.

Vala noma umise?

Against isizinda ekuthuthukisweni kwamasevisi akwi futhi uthi ku 2025 indiza TU-244 izoqala ukusebenza of civil aviation e lemali amayunithi 100, a isimanga ngqá kwaba yokuntuleka kwiphrojekthi Uhlelo isimo sokuthuthukisa zezindiza kule minyaka 2013-2025., Yikuphi wamukelwa ngonyaka 2012 . Mangisho ukuthi uhlelo siswele eziningana izenzakalo eziphawulekayo, okuyinto kuze kube yileso sikhathi zazibhekwa njengokuphela ethembisa embonini izindiza, isibonelo, a leSupersonic ibhizinisi jet Tu-444.

Leli qiniso athi iphrojekthi Tu-244 noma ivalwe unomphela noma simisiwe unomphela. Kulo mBhalo, ukukhululwa lezi izindiza leSupersonic kuphela kamuva, ngo-2025, kungenzeka. Nokho, ayikho incazelo esemthethweni ngalolu daba engakaze obunikezwayo, ukuthi ushiya ngempela insimu ebanzi ngoba ukutolika ezahlukene.

amathemba

Kuyona inikele konke okungenhla, kungashiwo wawuthi iphrojekthi Tu-244 okwamanje okungenani lintanta emoyeni, futhi kungase ngisho ivalwe. Isimemezelo esisemthethweni ngekusasa yephrojekthi akukenzeki. Noma lizwakalise izizathu ezenza limiswe noma unomphela ivaliwe. Nakuba-ke kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi kungaba ukungabi nemali yomphakathi ukuze sikhokhele intuthuko enjalo, bokwenza kwezomnotho yephrojekthi, noma isici ukuthi akunakuba ngokokuziphatha akusebenzi eminyakeni engu-30, futhi manje kwi-ajenda maningi Izinjongo eside. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthonya zonke izici ezintathu kanyekanye.

Ngo-2014, abezindaba benziwa ezizathwini mayelana resumption yephrojekthi, kodwa kuze kube manje abazange bethola isiqinisekiso esemthethweni, njengoba ngempela futhi ukuphikisa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa phesheya leSupersonic umgibeli aircraft isizukulwane sesibili baye akukafiki entanjeni, kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe abaningi babo ngaphansi umbuzo omkhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyilapho kungekho izitatimende ezisemthethweni abantu abagunyaziwe akufanele ngokuphelele give up on iphrojekthi ye Tu-244.