Synapse - lokhu ... Yakha synapse. Ngethukile, kwemisipha ne chemical synapse

Synapse - enqunyelwe contact endaweni kuhlume ezinzwa kanye asele amaseli non-abangothathekile futhi abangothathekile ezinikeza ukudluliswa isignali ulwazi. Synapse morphologically kwakhiwa ixhumana ulwelwesi 2 amaseli. Ulwelwesi ihlobene ezihlobene ka ezinzwa, okuthiwa ulwelwesi presynaptic yeseli, okuyinto ithola isignali, owesibili igama layo - postsynaptic. Kanye kokuba ulwelwesi postsynaptic kungenzeka synapse interneuronal, kwamanyuroni futhi neurosecretory. IZwi synapse yethulwa ngo-1897 ngu-Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Uyini synapse?

Synapse - isakhiwo ekhethekile, esinikela ukudluliselwa nerve fibre emsipheni ngiyibona kwenye izinzwa noma ezinzwa cell, nokuthi umphumela kwenzeka ku ezinzwa fibre kusukela cell yokwamukela (contact endaweni nomunye amangqamuzana ezinzwa, nezinye Imicu yotshani kwemizwa), amaseli ezimbili ezinzwa kudinga .

Synapse - ihhovisi elincane ekupheleni namangqamuzana ezinzwa. Ngosizo salo ukudluliswa kolwazi kusukela ngowokuqala namangqamuzana ezinzwa yesibili. Synapse ungaphakathi izingxenye ezintathu amangqamuzana ezinzwa. Futhi synapse kukhona endaweni lapho ezinzwa cell engena ngokuqondene nezindlala ehlukile noma imisipha yomzimba.

Yini kuwukuthi synapse

Isakhiwo synapse has a wesifunda elula. Kumiswa It is 3 yizicucwana, ngasinye zazo imisebenzi ethile yenziwa ngesikhathi ukudluliswa kwedatha. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi isakhiwo esinjalo ngokuthi i synapse efanelekayo emsipheni ngiyibona yokudlulisela. Ngqo inqubo yokudlulisa ulwazi kuthinte amaseli ezimbili eziyinhloko: baqonde futhi okuxhunyanwa. ezikhumulweni presynaptic is okuxhunyanwa ekupheleni Axon amaseli (ingxenye yokuqala ye-synapse). Kungase kuthinte iseli ukuqala neurotransmitters (leligama inezincazelo eziningana: balamuli balamuli noma neurotransmitters) - ezithile ikhemikhali, lapho phakathi 2 izinzwa lwenteke ukudluliselwa uphawu lukagesi.

emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho ingxenye maphakathi synapse - kuyinto isikhathi phakathi 2 iyaphendula ezinzwa. Ngalesi igebe futhi engena amaseli by yokudlulisela i ishayela kagesi. Ingxenye yokugcina a synapse kubhekwa ukuba samukele kwengqamuzana, okuyinto ekupheleni postsynaptic (isinqamu ixhumana amaseli nge-receptor ezahlukene sensitive isakhiwo sabo).

balamuli synapse

Umlamuleli (kusukela Latin Media - Lidlulisela, umlamuli noma maphakathi). balamuli okunjalo synapse kubaluleke kakhulu ukudluliselwa ngiyibona sezinzwa.

umehluko morphological synapse inhibitory futhi excitatory wukuthi abanayo indlela ukukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter. Umlamuleli ku synapse inhibitory, nezinye-motor neuron synapse inhibitory kubhekwa i glycine acid acid. Kodwa ukubopha noma ubunjalo okuthakazelisayo synapse ayinqunywa balamuli zabo, impahla ulwelwesi postsynaptic. Ngokwesibonelo, acetylcholine akunika inkanuko ukusebenza ngesikhathi kwamanyuroni synapse ezikhumulweni (nezinzwa vagus e myocardium).

Acetylcholine iyona neurotransmitter ku cholinergic neurotransmission excitatory (ulwelwesi presynaptic udlalwa ekupheleni umgogodla intambo motor neuron), e-synapse ku amaseli Renshaw ku esibulalayo presynaptic, umjuluko nezindlala, nadpochenikov medulla emathunjini bese synapse e ganglia we nozwela isimiso sezinzwa. Atsetilholi-nesterazu futhi acetylcholine futhi zitholakala endaweni ingxenyenamba zezitho ezihlukeneko zobuchopho, ngezinye izikhathi ngamanani amakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle synapse cholinergic ku amaseli Renshaw ongakabi ukwazile ukuhlonza asele synapse cholinergic. Ngokusho ososayensi, ijabulisa umlamuleli acetylcholine umsebenzi e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kungenzeka kakhulu.

Katelhominy (Dopamine, norepinephrine futhi epinephrine) zibhekwa balamuli adrenergic. Epinephrine futhi norepinephrine kuthiwa kuhlelwe kwaqedwa emsipheni nozwela ebuchosheni adrenal cell, asebuchosheni nomgogodla. amino acid (tyrosine futhi L-phenylalanine) nomongo ukuqala futhi zamagama adrenaline umkhiqizo wokugcina. izidakamizwa leSisemkhatsini, okubandakanya norepinephrine futhi Dopamine, futhi enze umsebenzi neurotransmitters ku synapse, wadala ku eziyimpumelelo we izinzwa nozwela. Lokhu umsebenzi kungaba ukubopha (emathunjini indlala secretory, sphincters eziningana futhi bronchial imisipha bushelelezi, futhi izibilini) noma excitatory (imisipha bushelelezi sphincters nezitsha ezithile igazi, synapse esivimba amanzi - norepinephrine, e-cerebral nuclei podkrovnyh - Dopamine).

Uma sekuphelile umsebenzi kwabo synapse neurotransmitters, catecholamine amuncwa presynaptic ezinzwa isiphetho, futhi ezokuthutha transmembrane ifakiwe. Phakathi ukumuncwa balamuli synapse bavikelekile Ukuwohloka nisebancane phezu operation eside futhi abushelelezi.

Synapse: izinhlobo eziyisisekelo nemisebenzi

Langley e 1892, kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi ukudluliselwa izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho ku ganglia autonomic ezincelisayo akuyona imvelo kagesi, futhi amakhemikhali. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-10, Elliott Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi adrenaline kusukela nezindlala adrenal eyatholakala kusukela imiphumela efanayo njengoba ukukhuthazwa nezinzwa nozwela.

Ngemva kwalokho bazitshela ukuthi adrenaline uyakwazi ethakwa ngu izinzwa phezu excitation futhi ezikhishwe enesiphetho emsipheni. Kodwa ngo-1921, noLevi wenza isipiliyoni, okuyinto isungule ubunjalo ukudluliswa kwamakhemikhali at synapse phakathi inhliziyo vegetative nezinzwa vagus. Wagcwalisa izitsha frog inhliziyo nge nosawoti kanye inkanuko yobulili emsipheni vagus, ukudala kweso kancane. Lapho uketshezi adluliselwe OAmaKristu ukushukuma inhliziyo nestimulirovanoe inhliziyo eshayela. Ngokusobala, ukukhuthazwa emsipheni vagus okubangelwa ukukhululwa retarding ejenti e isixazululo. Acetylcholine ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokugcwele imiphumela yalolu ketshezi. Ngo-1930, indima acetylcholine ekudluliselweni izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho e ganglia ka autonomic nervous system efakiwe unomphela Feldberg futhi udondolo lwakhe.

chemical synapse

I synapse kumakhemikhali bahluke ukudluliswa ukucasuka ngosizo umlamuleli nge presinapsa ku postsinaps. Ngakho-ke, umahluko ku morphology we synapse zamakhemikhali. I synapse chemical landile yezilwane ezinomgogodla CNS. Manje sibizwa ngokuthi namangqamuzana ezinzwa uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa futhi synthesize yebhangqa balamuli (balamuli zihlala). Izinzwa futhi babe neurotransmitter plasticity - ikhono lokushintsha umlamuleli ezinkulu phakathi ukuthuthukiswa.

synapse kwamanyuroni

Lokhu synapse okuhambisa excitation, kodwa lokhu emshadweni sokudiliza ezahlukahlukene. Ukudlulisa uphela ngesikhathi ejection we ukuvinjelwa ku zokuxhumana zobuchopho acetylcholine emfantwini, futhi ngesikhathi eboshwa okweqa endaweni ulwelwesi postsynaptic. A sebuningini ubuthi nezidakamizwa kuthinte bamba, okukhipha okuyinto kuhlobene acetylcholine receptor we ulwelwesi postsynaptic, kuyilapho imisipha synapse amabhlogo ukudluliselwa excitation. Umzimba uyafa ngesikhathi ukufuthelana futhi ayeke ukuphefumula imisipha.

Botulism - ubuthi microbial ku synapse, ke amabhlogo ukudluliselwa excitation, sokuqeda phakathi presynaptic esibulalayo amaprotheni syntaxin, nge isivuno kule zokuxhumana zobuchopho acetylcholine emfantwini. Eziningana ukulwa ezinobuthi ejenti eyodwa yokwelapha (neostigmine methylsulfate futhi neostigmine), kanye zinambuzane ukuvimba conduction ka excitation ku synapse kwamanyuroni usebenzisa okunqanda acetylcholinesterase --enzyme ahlahlele acetylcholine. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukunqwabelana acetylcholine ku zokuxhumana zobuchopho ulwelwesi endaweni incipha kuvelana umlamuleli, senziwe ulwelwesi postsynaptic, ukucwiliswa ku cytosol yokwamukela iyunithi. Acetylcholine kuyinto ingaphumeleli, kanye synapse ivinjelwe.

Synapse sezinzwa: izici izingxenye

Synapse - iphuzu uxhumano ukuxhumana phakathi amaseli ezimbili. Futhi ngamunye kubo itholakala ulwelwesi yayo electrogenic. synapse Nervous siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: ulwelwesi postsynaptic, emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho futhi ulwelwesi presynaptic. ulwelwesi Postsynaptic - enesiphetho emsipheni, ezisabalele ukuze imisipha bese ngihlaliswa kwemisipha izicubu. Endaweni ye vesicles presynaptic kuba - umgodi ovaliwe umlamuli. Bahlale bekulungele kunyakaza.

Esondela ulwelwesi of kwalapho, vesicles uhlangane nalo, futhi ungumlamuleli iwela emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho. Kokunye quantum neurotransmitter vesicle iqukethe mitochondria (labo behlanganyela zibalulekile kwezici neurotransmitter - oyinhloko wamandla), acetylcholine okwengeziwe umqondo kusuka choline futhi ngaphansi kwethonya enzyme atsetilholintransferrazy kusetshenzwe ku atsetilSoA).

emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho phakathi nolwelwesi kwe- senzakalo futhi presynaptic

Ngo ezahlukene usayizi synapse igebe kuyahlukahluka. Lesi sikhala ligcwele uketshezi interstitial, lapho kukhona umlamuli. ulwelwesi Postsynaptic ihlanganisa indawo ukuxhumana phakathi kwesiphetho ezinzwa innervated cell mionevralnom synapse. Synapse ezithile e ulwelwesi postsynaptic kudala phinda contact endaweni owengeziwe.

izinto engeziwe kufakwe ulwelwesi postsynaptic

Emkhakheni ulwelwesi postsynaptic iqukethe izithako ezilandelayo:

- yokwamukela (acetylcholine yokwamukela e mionevralnom synapse).

- Esilula (has ukufana eliphezulu acetylcholine). Le protheni samanje ekupheleni electrophilic futhi ion ikhanda. Shona engena emfantwini izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho, ukuxhumana kanye nenhloko cationic acetylcholine. Ngenxa yalokhu nokuxhumana kuyinto ushintsho postsynaptic ulwelwesi depolarization ke kwenzeka, futhi kuvezwe engase engaphansi Na-iziteshi. Depolarization we ulwelwesi njengenkulumo njengoba inqubo self-yokugcizelela;

- Gradualen amandla ayo phezu ulwelwesi postsynaptic incike isibalo balamuli, ukuthi libhekene ezingaba impahla excitations wendawo.

- Cholinesterase - kubhekwa amaprotheni okuyinto inomsebenzi enzymatic. Ngokusho isakhiwo ithi ayifane choline yokwamukela futhi babe izakhiwo obufanayo acetylcholine. Cholinesterase ahlahlele acetylcholine, owokuqala ukuthi lihlotshaniswa receptor cholinergic. Ngaphansi isenzo yokwamukela acetylcholine kususa acetylcholine esterase kwakhiwa repolarization we ulwelwesi postsynaptic. Acetylcholine wajinge wanamatsela ukuze choline futhi acetic acid adingekayo ukuze kwemisipha izicubu trophism.

With ezokuthutha evumelekile ibonakala presynaptic ulwelwesi choline, isetshenziswa synthesize a neurotransmitter entsha. Ngaphansi kwethonya izinguquko neurotransmitter ku permeability we ulwelwesi postsynaptic, futhi ukuzwela cholinesterase futhi permeability ukubuyiselwa ukubaluleka kokuqala. Chemoreceptors bayakwazi uxhumane balamuli entsha.