Perm Krai abantu: amasiko, isiko kanye ethnography

Kuwo wonke umlando we Perm esifundeni kwaba elixube. Namuhla-ke iyikhaya kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene 125. Yini abantu abahlala Perm? Omunye wabo zendabuko esifundeni?

Perm

Ngokusebenzisa esifundeni ohlala ngasemngceleni ophakathi eYurophu nase-Asia. Indawo enkulu itholakala emaphethelweni empumalanga ingxenye European yeRussia. Enyakatho-ke elisemngceleni nge Republic of Komi, Bashkortostan - eningizimu, Sverdlovsk esifundeni - empumalanga enyakatho-ntshonalanga iyona Kirov esifundeni.

imfundo Modern - Perm - kwamiswa ngo-2005 ngemva ubunye esifundeni Perm futhi Komi-Perm Autonomous District. The main sokuqondisa lingumuzi Perm. Insimu esifundeni lalihlala abantu emuva enkathini Paleolithic. ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe-Russian waqala cishe ngekhulu XVI futhi kwaqina ekhulwini XVII, ngemuva kokutholakala ithusi negolide.

Nezizwe zala Perm esifundeni namasiko awo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Endaweni ethile yase-160 amakhilomitha square, labantu cishe 125 bezizwe. Inani sabantu - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.6. I kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni evelele phezu ngomzana, kuba-75%.

Yini abantu abahlala Perm?

kwamaqembu ezinhlanga eminingi nabantu abahlala esifundeni. Kulawa, owokuqala, eyiqiniso kule ndawo kukhona eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Izilimi izizwe esifundeni Perm baningi. Ngaphakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga zomdabu zihlukaniswe Finno-Ugric, lwamaSlav (Russian), Turkic.

Labantu main imelelwa Russian (izigidi ezingu-2.1). Lokhu okulandelayo anda Tatar (115 ayizinkulungwane.) Komi Permiaks (80 th.), Bashkirs (30 th.), Udmurts (20 th.) Futhi Ukrainian (16 th.). Abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine kukhona Belarusians, amaJalimane, Isi-Chuvash futhi Mari. Ezinye izizwe Perm onqenqemeni okwethulwa eziyivelakancane. Phakathi kwabo Armenia, Azerbaijanis, abaseTurkey, ingush, Komi-yazvintsy, Mordvinians, amaGypsy, Moldavians, Mansi, baseKorea, isiShayina, Georgians, Chechens nabanye.

Abantu bomdabu Perm onqenqemeni inikeza amaqembu ezinkulu ezintathu: Finno-Ugric, Turk futhi Slavic. Esikhathini kusuka xv ukuba XVI leminyaka in sifinyelela engenhla Kama kuxazululwe okhokho Komi-Perm. Ingxenye eseningizimu kule ndawo kwakuhlala eyayihlala Bashkirs futhi AmaTatar. Ensimini futhi iyikhaya Isi-Udmurt, Mansi futhi Mari. labantu Russian ifikile mayelana lapha ekhulwini XVI, ngokushesha yaba oqavile.

Mari

Igama izizwe esifundeni Perm zingahluka ngezilimi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi Mari Mara ngokwayo noma mare. Lesi sizwe kungokwalabo Finno-Ugric isizwe. Basuke ezibekwe kule ndawo phakathi iVolga futhi Vetluga. Iningi lazo bahlala Russian Republic Mari El, kanye kule iVolga esifundeni kanye Urals.

isisekelo Anthropological zingabantu uhlobo suburalskomu, izici evelele emncintiswaneni Mongoloid. Uhlobo kwamiswa emuva mina ayizinkulungwane. N. e. isiko labo nendlela yempilo ayefana kakhulu kuya Isi-Chuvash. Abantu siqukethe amaqembu amane yobuhlanga esifundazweni bahlala ikakhulu Kungurskye Mari.

Ingxenye abantu bamukele-Orthodox, nakuba inkolelo eyinhloko nezinkolo zendabuko. Kulokhu, kubalulekile izinganekwane ethandwa, kuhlangene monotheism. Mari ubuqaba kusekelwe ekukhulekeleni emvelo, umthandazo ebanjwa in lezixuku engcwele (in the isiko ukwakhiwa coude).

Folk zokubhukuda ethulwa ihembe, ingubo, umsebenzi womfekethisi, ibhulukwe kanye caftan, ebhince ibhande phezulu noma ithawula. Abesifazane babegqoka ubucwebe ezenziwe zemali, amagobolondo, ubuhlalu. Hat kuyinto ithawula nge hu - Sharpan, amashumi amane noma cap oyindilinga. Amadoda ayegqoka izigqoko nge brims.

Isi-Udmurt

labantu Autochthonous we Kama futhi Urals - Udmurtia. It kungokwalabo Finno-Ugric abantu, kanye namanye izizwe Perm Krai. Abaseduze kuye kukhona Komi-Permyak futhi Komi abantu, nakuba ukuphila namasiko kakhulu ukuthonywa isiko Russian nesiTatar. Iningi labantu amaKristu obu-Orthodox, kodwa kukhona izakhi Folk izinkolelo ziye zalondolozwa emizaneni.

Isi-Udmurt ngokwesiko wahlanganyela ezolimo (corn kanye namazambane) nezinkomo zizalela, ezingela futhi ukuhlangana, ukufuywa nokudoba. Babehlala umphakathi elingumakhelwane, lapho imikhaya eminingana ababehlala kule ndawo efanayo. Ukwenza efekethisiwe, ukunitha, zokhuni, ukweluka kanye ukuphotha.

ukwakhiwa Siko (kuala) ngoba omthandazo, efana Mari, ehlathini. Lendlu wawuyizingalo eziko nge kubhayela okwesikhashana, bunks ngoba zokulala kanye ekhoneni obomvu (ithebula nosihlalo) ngenxa yomkhaya. imvunulo zabesifazane kwakuba ihembe, ingubo, zalungisa nge velvet ibhibhi kanye okhalweni. Bona bazihlobise zemali, amasongo, ubuhlalu. Amadoda ayegqoka ezimthende ibhulukwe, blouses, izigqoko felted okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe.

Komi-Permyak

abantu bazibiza abameleli Komi Komi Mort noma ukusulwa. Akha ikakhulukazi nendawo eyayikade Permian Komi District. It kungokwalabo iqembu Finno-Ugric. Ulimi kanye namasiko babe ukufana okukhulu Komi abantu. Izincwadi ngolimi lwabantu cishe akekho.

I umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu Komi-Perm kwaba ezolimo, nemfuyo, ukuzingela, ukudoba, ukweluka, zobumba, ukuphotha. Okwamanje, kuba ukhuni ukucutshungulwa kanye nezolimo. Njengezinye izizwe eziningi Perm esifundeni kanye Komi-Permian babe amaqaba, kodwa iningi wadluliswa ebuKristwini. Ubani uzama ngivuselele izinkolelo abantu.

izingubo Traditional waqale imibala eluhlaza kanye black, futhi kamuva Kwaba khona nezinye imibala, futhi phezu ihembe Engeza Isithombe "ingqamuzana". ngubo zabesifazane kwakuba ihembe ingubo, phezu okwakukhona sundress bakhathale. Ngezinye izikhathi sundress iphinifa bakhathale. Izigqoko - corbel yayinamakhothamo, ukuhlotshiswa ngendwangu efekethisiwe nemihlobiso. Amadoda ayegqoka ihembe ingubo efekethisiwe, belted ibhande ibhulukwe. On izinyawo zakhe zazinjengethusi amakati pogaleshki nezimbadada.

Muncie

Uhlobo libhekisela Mansi Ugric abantu. ERussia, abamele abantu kancane. Labantu main uhlala le Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous avtonomnyy. Noma kunjalo Mansi kukhona abantu bomdabu e Perm esifundeni. Ngo esifundeni kukhona ezimbalwa kuphela abantu (kufika ku-40), ohlala e-Vishera Reserve.

Ethnic iqembu zimila ulimi Mansi ihlobene iqembu OB-Ugric. Ngokosiko, eduze kakhulu kuya Mansi futhi Khanty baseHungary. Izinkolelo, kanye-Orthodox, walondoloza abantu izinganekwane nemilingo. Muncie kholwa umnakekeli imimoya.

Phakathi nemisebenzi yendabuko - reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya, ngokudoba, ukuzingela, ezokulima kanye nezokungcebeleka nemfuyo. Ezezindlu eyakhelwe kwesizini. Winter isidumbu zazihlala ezindlini noma amadlangala ngohlobo Russian ehlobo ematendeni ukuma oyindilinga eyenziwe birch namagxolo. Vula kwemizi wenza izigxobo wakhonza njengephayona Ukushisa umthombo wokukhanya. Isici sici Mansi sasiwukuthi awazange Ungasebenzisi amakhowe, kuhlanganise nemizi yawo ukuze imimoya emibi.

Female suit emelelwa jika ingubo noma satin indwangu yokugqoka. Ngifaka isikhafu futhi eziningi ubucwebe. La madoda ayehlengezela amahembe ibhulukwe; izingubo kwaba ngokuvamile nge hood sendwangu.

amaTatar

AmaTatar abantu Turkic. Futhi esakazwa ensimini ka-Russia (inombolo yesibili zabantu). Aphila Kama esifundeni, Urals, eVolga esifundeni, eMpumalanga Ekude naseSiberia. Esikhathini Perm esifundeni AmaTatar samanje cishe zonke kwasezindaweni.

Tatar ulimi kungokwalabo umndeni yama-Altaic. Iningi labantu kungokwalabo Sunni amaSulumane, nakuba kukhona amaKristu obu-Orthodox futhi kuNkulunkulu. I Kama AmaTatar lisebenzisane Bashkirs, okwaholela nethonya kwenkolo nokuhloniphana lapha nomunye amasiko.

imvunulo yesizwe kuhlukile ezahlukene AmaTatar yobuhlanga. Izici eziyinhloko imvunulo zesifazane - ende ihembe-ingubo ibhulukwe. Top yafakwa i ibhibhi ezifekethisiwe, futhi ingubo igqoke njengoba outerwear. Ehola egqoke isigqoko, isikhafu noma isigqoko kalfak. Amadoda ayegqoka isigqoko wawungathi phezu skullcaps. Ubucwebe kwabesifazane yenziwe ngensimbi.

Bashkirs

Elinye iqembu abantu Turkic - ke Bashkirs. Labantu main uhlala e-Republic of Bashkortostan. Ulimi kazwelonke Bashkir. Njengomhlaba Tatar, lingelikaJehova umndeni yama-Altaic. Abameleli abantu - amaSulumane kukhona Sunni.

Bashkirs kukhona eziseduze Turkic abantu, nakuba nabo bahlanganyela ethnogenesis we Iran futhi Finno-Ugric abantu. Abantu wahola yokuphila semi ayimizulane, bamane nje benza nemfuyo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena waba waziphatha ngokudoba, ukuzingela apiculture, ezolimo, kubutsela. Phakathi yezandla babelukela, ukukhiqizwa shawls kanye amatshe. Bashkirs ababeyizazi ubucwebe kanye nokwakhiwa.

Folk zokubhukuda bathunga semvu. Abesifazane kanye namadoda egqoka ibhulukwe ne isinyathelo ububanzi. Top wagqoka ingubo (ezahlukene abesifazane futhi amadoda). Futhi egqoka polukaftan ingubo, kamzul. Njengamanje eziningi izingubo efekethisiwe, Appliqué. Headgear zazisuka cap, amathawula ukuba caps-ushanok. Zonke amaphethini ngokucebile umsebenzi womfekethisi. Amadoda ayegqoka skullcap, futhi wazizwa izigqoko.

isiphetho

Nezizwe zala Perm esifundeni namasiko awo zihluke kakhulu nomunye. Isifunda bezilokhu libhekene elixube, isizwe obumbene emikhawulweni yalo awuzange waphawula. Ngaphambili, nezizwe ezithile zama-babe njalo kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye beyofuna izimo ezikahle kakhulu ekuphileni.

Ekhulwini xv, izizwe eziningana bahlala endaweni Perm, futhi okhokho kwakhiwa izizwe esifundeni Perm. Amasiko ethnography balaba bantu abazange ukuthuthukisa todvwa, kodwa Okusizayo ezinomthelela nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, Isi-Udmurt sazuza izici zamasiko AmaTatar ngokumelene AmaTatar, esikhundleni salokho, wathonya Bashkirs.

Umthelela amakhulu ku-isiko labantu waba Russian ngubani kakade ekhulwini XVII, okuningi elanqoba izinombolo. Manje izingubo bendabuko kanye yokuphila ukuze asekele ababuthakathaka. Ikakhulukazi, abameleli kufanele waziwe enkolweni, nakuba abaningi christianised. Zezilimi zendawo ukucindezelwa kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezaba wesibili, njengoba kuqala - Russian.