Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo ngeziqu. Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo izingqikithi

Kusukela 1850s eNgilandi, waqala ukuthuthukisa ohlangothini olusha izinkondlo nokudweba. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Oku-Raphaelites." Lesi sihloko kuveza imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo umphakathi kwezobuciko, lokusungula indaba ephathwayo, Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo ngeziqu.

Bobani Oku-Raphaelites?

Ezama ukuthola kude isidina amasiko zezemfundo kanye aesthetics namaqiniso kwenkathi uVictoria, iqembu abaculi idale sakhe isiqondiso kwezobuciko. It singene cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo, kwakheka ekuziphatheni okuthize nokuxhumana Abadali zabo. Futhi art isiqondiso, futhi abameleli abadwebi babe igama elifanayo - Pre-Raphaelites. Isithombe yabonisa ziyezwana yabo ne ekuqaleni Renaissance. Empeleni, igama elangenza liyazikhulumela. Abadwebi Abadali nesithakazelo owayesebenza phambi ukuvelela Raphael noMichelangelo. Phakathi kwabo - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Direction athuthukile phakathi nengxenye kwekhulu le-19 yesibili.

ukuvela

Kuze 1850s zonke art British kwaba ngaphansi ephikweni Royal Academy of Arts. umengameli wayo, Mnumzane uJoshuwa Reynolds, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye omele kwezinhlangano olusemthethweni madolonzima ukwamukela emisha kanye ucwaningo wakhuthaza abafundi bakhe.

Ekugcineni, lezi nokuzabalaza ewumngcingo wenza abaculi eziningana nge ukubukwa ezifanayo art ngokuvamile bahlangane ubuzalwane. Elokuqala nabameleli bayo baba Holman Hunt Dante Rossetti. Bahlangana embukisweni e sokuqeqesha futhi phakathi nengxoxo, waqonda ukuthi imibono yabo iyefana kakhulu.

Rossetti wabhala Umdwebo "Intsha eNcasakazini uMariya 'ngalesi sikhathi, futhi Hunt wamsiza ukuqedela akunandaba, kodwa izwi. Kakade 1849, ngendwangu waba yanqamula on the show. Abantu abasha uvumile ukuthi lo mdwebo zanamuhla zesiNgisi kudlula isikhathi esingcono kakhulu nomlando wayo. Ukuze ngandlela-thile avuselele leli fomu art, kwakudingekile ukuze ubuyele emuva uyoqala ezintweni eziyisisekelo doakademicheskim, ukuze kube lula futhi Ukwanelisa inkanuko.

Laba bameleli be-eyinhloko

Ekuqaleni, Oku-Raphaelite Ubuzalwane, laba izithombe zabo ziye waphefumulela impilo entsha ku isiko British babegqoka abantu abayisikhombisa.

1. Holman Hunt. Waphila impilo eside, kokunamathela emibonweni yakhe art kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Wayengumuntu nombhali izincwadi eziningana, usitshelani-ke ngamaphathi amalungu ubuzalwane futhi uchaze pre-Raphaelite imidwebo. Phakathi ezidumile iningi umdwebi - "Shadow of Death" (imidwebo yenkolo kaJesu), "U-Isabella kanye Ibhodo Basil" (okusekelwe nkondlo Dzhona Kitsa), "Azazeli" (lokubhalwako ngesisekelo izindaba eziseBhayibhelini).

2. Dzhon Mille. Waziwa ngokuthi umfundi omncane Academy of Arts, kamuva owaba ngumengameli weqembu ezaziwayo. John emva umsebenzi isikhathi eside isitayela Oku-Raphaelite ubuzalwane sazilahla. Ukuze ondle umkhaya wakhe, waqala ukudweba ekumeni ku-oda futhi baphumelela. Umsebenzi eziphawuleka kakhulu - "Kristu eNdlini Abazali Bakhe" (isithombe zenkolo, egcwele Amatshwayo ukuphila esikhathini esizayo futhi ukufa kukaKristu), "Ophelia" (obhalwe kuyi-isiqephu ngesisekelo "Hamlet"), "Amagwebu" (Umdwebo kwesikhathi ngasekupheleni lokusungula, isibe odumile njengoba nokukhangisa insipho).

3. Dante Rossetti. Imidwebo zigcwele yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi ubuhle kanye Ukuvusela abesifazane. u-Elisabethe umkakhe waba muse enkulu umdwebi. Ukufa kwakhe kubukela phansi uDante. Wafaka yakhe lomngcwabo wemibhalo yakhe izinkondlo, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, esanguluka, yenze lokumbiwa azithatha ethuneni. imisebenzi Okuphawulekayo: "Beatrice Ubusisiwe" (ukuboniswa ngomfazi Dante, okuyinto phakathi kokufa nokuphila), "Proserpina" (unkulunkulukazi wamaRoma nge amabhomu esandleni sakhe), "Veronica Veronese" (imidwebo ongokomfanekiso ibonisa ukuthi kunqubo).

4. Maykl Rossetti. umzalwane Dante sika, naye wafunda Academy. Kodwa ekugcineni mina wakhetha umhlaziyi endleleni futhi umbhali. Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo zahlaselwa kaningi ngaphansi ke ngokungakhethi. Kuyinto Biography of umfowabo. Wasungula inqubo yokubala imiqondo esisekelo isiqondiso.

5. Tomas Vulner. Yena wayengumbulali umqophi wemifanekiso imbongi. Encwadini yakhe ethi ekuqaleni wasekela umbono we pre-Raphaelites, waphendukela nemvelo futhi acabangele imininingwane ezincane. Wanyathelisa izinkondlo umagazini bobuzalwane, kodwa ke wahamba kude imibono yabo jikelele futhi wagxila amafomu classical.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist art umhlaziyi. Maduzane wadumala nge ithalenta umdwebi futhi igxile ukugxekwa. Wayebheka ayekuthunyiwe, ukushumayela achaze inhloso umphakathi bobuzalwane akhazimulise Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo. Yalondolozwa ezinye imidwebo bakhe: "Marquis futhi Griselda", "Umama Nengane", "Ukufa iNkosi Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Mina wayeyikholwa, ngakho ngesineke izikhonzi zenkolo. Ngashiya nomphakathi ngemuva Millet Umdwebo wagxekwa abezindaba ngokuthi enhlamba. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe - "Umkhaya Ongcwele", "Ukuphika Elizabeth waseHungary", "Sisters".

Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo okudale eziningi mpikiswano, kwadingeka eziningi abantu abanazo. Kwakungafanele bazikhohlwe ingxenye yobuzalwane, kodwa baye banamathela wemiqondo eyisisekelo. Phakathi kwabo - umculi L. Alma-Tadema, umklami F. M. Brown, umdwebi uWilliam Deverell, womeluki M. Morris, lochaza Hughes nabanye.

Ukuchothoza e esigabeni sokuqala

Ekuqaleni, pre-Raphaelite imidwebo zanakekelwa baxgeki ngempela efudumele. Babefana umoya oqabulayo. Nokho, lesi simo siphakamisele ngemva kokuhambisa ekukhanyeni imidwebo yenkolo eziningana, abhalwe non-ukuhambisana canons.

Ikakhulukazi, Umdwebo "Kristu eNdlini Abazali Bakhe" Mille ibhulashi. On the ngendwangu okubonisa umoya olukhuni, esibayeni, eduze kwayo kokudla wezimvu. siguqile Virgin phambi olunguJesu, okuphathe kabi isandla sakhe isipikili. Millet lugcwalise lokhu zesithombe. Isandla ukopha - uphawu ukubethelwa esizayo, endishini ngamanzi, esesikhundleni uJohane uMbhapathizi - uphawu Epiphany, ijuba ehlezi izitebhisi, uchazwa ngoMoya oNgcwele, izimvu - ne iyisisulu esingenacala.

Abagxeki baye ngokuthi salo mdwebo enhlamba. Iphephandaba "Izikhathi" Okudabhiwe yokudweba kokuhlubuka kwase-art. Abanye, ekhomba Ukuqhathanisa Family oNgcwele nabantu abavamile, kwachazwa ngokuthi umsebenzi Millet sika embi nokunyanyisayo.

Rossetti isithombe "Annunciation" Lisuke lihlaselwa. Painter uphumile kwayo ingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, Virgin egqoke izingubo ezimhlophe. On the ngendwangu uboniswa wethukile. UMA Stone umhlaziyi wafanisa Oku-Raphaelite ukusebenza nemivubukulo ezingenamsebenzi.

Kwazi bani ukuthi kwakuyoba isiphetho umphakatsi welibhola letinyawo, uma Ongekho ngasohlangothini lwakhe wenza nomcwaningi Dzhon Roskin, abanemibono ibala lonke.

Effect umuntu onegunya

Dzhon Roskin kwaba nesazimlando sezobuciko kanye utlole umsebenzi ezingaphezu kweyodwa yesayensi ngaphambi kangcono umsebenzi e-Pre-Raphaelites. Yayiyini Wamangala lapho eqaphela ukuthi yonke imicabango nemibono ebekwe izihloko zalo, bathole indawo yabo ngobuzalwane ngendwangu.

Ruskin wakhuthaza Ukungena ku okushiwo nemvelo, ukunakekela imininingwane, ukumiswa ebekwa canons kanye izigcawu isithombe kufanele. Konke lokhu likhona futhi Uhlelo zangaphambi Raphaelite.

A umhlaziyi utlole izihloko ezimbalwa ukuthi "I-Times", okuyinto wancoma umsebenzi abaculi. Wathenga amanye imidwebo yabo, ukusekela abaculi, nangokuziphatha, futhi ngokwezimali. Ruskin bathandile isitayela esisha futhi engavamile yokudweba uwoyela imidwebo. Oku-Raphaelites kamuva wadala ekumeni eziningana umvikeli wakhe kanye nomvikeli.

uzungu

Ekuqaleni, abaculi waphenduka kuphela izihloko ivangeli, ukugxila okwenzeka Abadali ekuseni Renaissance. Abazange ukufuna ezokhipha isithombe canons isonto. Inhloso esemqoka kwaba ukuze uthumele imicabango zefilosofi ku-canvas. Yingakho i-pre-Raphaelite imidwebo njengoba enemininingwane futhi ongokomfanekiso.

"I-Youth of eNcasakazini uMariya 'Rossetti kwaba ngokuvumelana nezidingo kwenkathi uVictoria. Izibalo zikhombe intombazane sibonise ukuthobeka endleleni ukuba anakekele unina. Ivame kuvezwa kokufunda Dante Ufakwa ezandleni Virgin inaliti. Yena efekethisiwe ku-canvas lily - lwenhlanzeko nobumsulwa. Three izimbali ku stem - uBaba neNdodana noMoya oNgcwele. amahlamvu esundu somkhaya ngameva - injabulo nosizi kaMariya. Isithombe akuyona lutho lezinto, imibala nezenzo - zonke eklanyelwe aveze umqondo yefilosofi.

Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, i-Pre-Raphaelites abadwebi, laba izithombe zabo amehlo umphakathi waqala ukuba baphendukele isihloko ukungalingani kwabantu ( "Lady Lilith"), ukuxhashazwa kwabesifazane ( "ngesizotha sengivuswa"), ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe ( "The Last of England").

Indima ebalulekile ngobuzalwane imisebenzi kudlalwa imidwebo esekelwe imisebenzi izimbongi English abalobi. Abadwebi liphefumulelwe imisebenzi kaShakespeare, Keats, futhi Italian Dante Alighieri.

izithombe zesifazane

imidwebo ne themes izinhlamvu female ku Oku-Raphaelite ngempela nhlobonhlobo. Babemunye kuphela endaweni eyodwa - ku canvasses yabo wabusa ubuhle besifazane. Ladies kuvezwa njalo enhle, ozothile, nge touch of imfihlakalo. Kukhona izifundo ezahlukene: isiqalekiso, ukufa, uthando unrequited, ubumsulwa ngokomoya.

Kaningi-ke waphakamisa isihloko esiwumgodi sokuphinga, lapho owesifazane wadalula ekukhanyeni okungafaneleki. Yiqiniso, enendawo isijeziso esinesihluku ngoba isenzo sakhe.

Abesifazane bavame izilingo zikwehlule nenkanuko kule imidwebo Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Kodwa kukhona icebo reverse, lapho le ndoda umphathi abesifazane ibangelwa ukuwa (njengoba ku zabalingiswa "noMarianne", "ngesizotha sengivuswa").

I-Model

Ikakhulukazi models imidwebo yakhe umculi ekhetha abangane nezihlobo. Rossetti ngokuvamile wabhalela umama nodadewethu ( "The Youth of eNcasakazini uMariya '), kodwa futhi yakhetha izinkonzo indlovukazi yakhe Fanny (" Lucretia Borja "). U-Elizabeth esaphila, umkakhe amthandayo, izithombe zesifazane atholwe ebusweni bakhe.

Effie Gray, umka-Millet kanye ex-ngomfazi Ruskin, libanjwe phezu ifilimu "I-oda kute kukhululwe" Portrait ZikaJohane ibhulashi.

Annie Miller, uMlobokazi Hunt, owabuzwa cishe bonke abaculi kwabazalwane. It is nokuboniswe zabalingiswa "Elena Troyanskaya", "ngesizotha sengivuswa", "Owesifazane ophuzi."

namathafa

Namathafa wabhala kuphela abanye abaculi kulesi siqondiso. Baphuma izindonga amahhovisi kanye wasebenza endaweni evulekile. Lokhu kwasiza abadwebi ukuba liyobamba yonke imininingwane yokugcina, ukucinga indikimba yendaba yabo iphelele.

amahora Kuchithwe Oku-Raphaelites emvelweni, ukuze singathwesi miss a imininingwane eyodwa. Lo msebenzi kudingeka ukubekezela titanic kanye nekhono ukudala. Mhlawumbe ngenxa izici uhlelo akazange atholwe landscape isiqondiso ekwandeni ezifana nezinye izinhlobo.

izimiso Iningi Umdwebo nemvelo imidwebo Hunt kubonakala ngokugcwele "coast English" futhi Millais 'Autumn Leaves ".

nokwahlukana

Ngemva ambalwa nemibukiso ngemphumelelo Oku-Raphaelite Ubuzalwane banyukubala ngaphandle. Ukuletha ndawonye uthando lwabo KweNkathi Ephakathi kwakungenele. Wonke umuntu ufuna indlela yakhe. Hunt wedwa baqhubeka bethembekile ezimisweni lokhu mkhuba kuze kube sekupheleni.

Ukuqinisekisa wangena 1853, lapho Millais kwaba ubulungu Royal Academy. Ubuzalwane waphula ngokuphelele. Abanye baye bathuthela kude imidwebo isikhathi eside (isib, Rossetti wasiphakamisa lokubhala).

Naphezu ukumisa langempela khona, Pre-Raphaelites wayeba njengompristi isiqondiso isikhathi esithile. Nokho, indlela yokubhala izithombe kanye imigomo ejwayelekile embalwa uhlanekezelwe.

ngasekupheleni Oku-Raphaelites

Ukuze abaculi, emelela isigaba kamuva yebo, zihlanganisa uSimeyoni uSolomoni (umsebenzi ithumba okushiwo ukunyakaza futhi zobungqingili aestheticism izisusa), u-Evelyn De Morgan (wabhala ngezihloko basezinganekwaneni, njengokuthi "U-Ariadne auf Naxos"), lochaza Genri Forda.

Kunezindlela eziningana abaculi abaye bathonya Oku-Raphaelite imidwebo. Izithombe ezinye zazo wavela kaningi emaphephandabeni British. It Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, u-Edmund Leighton nabanye.

Inani

Prerafaelitizm ngokuthi cishe isiqondiso lokuqala bokubeka England, idume emhlabeni wonke. Njalo umhlaziyi noma ongelutho has umbono wakhe siqu futhi ilungelo ukuhlola lokusungula ka abadwebi. Ngokungangabazeki into eyodwa kuphela - kungcono ngoba ukungena zonke izici zomphakathi.

Manje kakhulu reinvented. Ibhalwe imisebenzi yesayensi emisha, njengokuthi "Oku-Raphaelites. Life futhi umsebenzi imidwebo 500." Othile kuziwa esiphethweni sokuthi abamele lo mkhuba kwaba eyandulela we Symbolists. Othile ishiwo ngethonya Pre-Raphaelite ingenelisi ngisho Dzhona Tolkina.

Emidwebweni embukisweni ehola iminyuziyamu eBrithani. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, pre-Raphaelite imidwebo Hermitage is hhayi egcinwe. Exhibition of imidwebo saboniswa lokuqala eRussia ngo-2008 ngesikhathi Tretyakov Igalari.