Oceans: inkinga. Inkinga ukusetshenziswa ulwandle

Ocean - sombuso ukuphila, umthombo oksijini inhlalakahle abantu abaningi. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ingcebo zawo zazilotshiwe awapheli, futhi wayevela wonke amazwe kanye nabantu. Kodwa ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ibekwe konke endaweni yayo - kwakuyimindeni ugu umngcele zone, imithetho zasolwandle, izinkinga nezisombululo zazo kungenzeka.

izici ezingokomthetho ukusetshenziswa ocean izinsiza

Kuze yoma zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, kwatholakala ukuthi izilwandle basonta wonke umnotho kanye nezicelo indawo asogwini States zandise kungekho lwamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka ezintathu lokufundela ukushayela imikhumbi. Ngokusemthethweni, umthetho siyenzeka, kodwa eqinisweni, uthi abaningi baye bamemezela izimangalo zabo ku endaweni enkulu zasolwandle, kuze amamayela angamakhulu amabili lokufundela ukushayela imikhumbi evela ogwini. Inkinga ukusetshenziswa ulwandle kwehliselwe ukwenza inzuzo kakhulu ukusizakala esishintshashintshayo kwezomnotho ugu. uthi abaningi limenyezelwe ubukhosi bazo phezu ezindaweni zasolwandle kanye nokuhlaselwa kwalabo libhekwe njengelingcwele kwemvume. Ngakho, le nkinga yentuthuko izilwandle, ukusetshenziswa amathuma ezibhekene Mercantile izithakazelo uthi ngabanye.

Ngo-1982, i-Conference ukuthi ibizwe ngoMthetho Sea, owawusedolobheni ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-UN. It ziqondiswe izinkinga eziyisisekelo kwezilwandle. kokuthathwa kwesiqunto ngenxa izinsuku eziningi izingxoxo ukuthi ulwandle - ke kuyifa elivamile lesintu. Ukuze uthi ukuba kuvikelwe dvuhsotmilnye ezindaweni ezisogwini kwezomnotho ukuthi kula mazwe Unelungelo zisebenzisa izizathu zentengiso. esishintshashintshayo kwezomnotho okunjalo matasa amaphesenti angu-40 izikhala Imininingwane aqueous. I phansi olwandle oluvulekile, yezinto zayo zemvelo kanye nemithombo kwezomnotho kwathiwa impahla ezivamile. Ukuqapha ukulandelwa ngazo imibandela yale ikomiti ekhethekile usumisiwe ukulawula ukusetshenziswa esishintshashintshayo ugu kwezomnotho, ngalo lahlukaniswa Oceans. Izinkinga eziba khona nomthelela wezenzo zabantu imvelo yasolwandle, kufanele zithunyelwe ohulumeni babo. Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso ukusetshenziswa mahhala olwandle busetshenziswe.

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka overestimate ukubaluleka nohlelo lwezokuthutha izilwandle eMhlabeni. izinkinga Global ezihlobene yizimpahla futhi abagibeli, wanquma ngokusebenzisa izinkantolo eziyisipesheli, futhi umsebenzi uwoyela negesi - ukwakhiwa kwepayipi.

imisebenzi Imayini olwenziwa emashalofini lamazwe ugu, ikakhulukazi uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela athuthukile idiphozithi yanoma igesi namafutha. Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki iqukethe sebuningini izixazululo nosawoti, izinsimbi ezingavamile futhi organic compounds. concretions Huge - izinqolobane kanzulu ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi, yensimbi kanye manganese - amanga ekujuleni kolwandle emanzini ajulile. Izinkinga olwandle izinsiza aqukethe e kanjani ukuthola lezi zinsiza kusukela ekujuleni kolwandle ngaphandle kokuphazamisa semvelo. Ekugcineni, ukufakwa ongaphakeme-izindleko kungeyona ongaxazulula ezibaluleke kakhulu wezinkinga zesintu - nokushoda amanzi okuphuza. Ocean amanzi kuyinto kuphela kakhulu, ngakho Oceans isebenza njengoba isitshalo esikhulu ekucubunguleni wasendlini. A olwandle amagagasi ziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukukhiqiza kagesi amandla Pres.

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, ulwandle ukuba kondle abantu. Isizinda lezinhlanzi nezimbaza, izimila zasolwandle nezimbaza ukuhlangana - yezandla lasendulo, esadaleka ekuqaleni impucuko. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amathuluzi okudoba kanye nezimiso akukashintshi. Kuyaphawuleka lenyuka production esikalini kuphela kwezinsiza eziphilayo.

Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu iyona ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele ocean izinsiza kakhulu emvelweni zasolwandle. Kungenzeka ukuthi imodeli olubanzi yomsebenzi wezomnotho iyehlisa ikhono layo ukuzithiba uhlanzekile kabusha imfucuza futhi. Ngakho-ke, le nkinga yembulunga yonke ukusetshenziswa ulwandle iwukuba ngokucophelela axhaphaze konke inikeza esintwini, hhayi zilulaza ngenkathi impilo yayo kwemvelo.

izici Environmental ukusetshenziswa ocean izinsiza

Oceans - umdondoshiya-mpilo generator nemvelo. Umkhiqizi eyinhloko lesi sici esibalulekile chemical okuphila angabonakali oluluhlaza ulwelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ocean - ukuhlunga enamandla kakhulu, futhi cleaner iloli, lapho izindlela futhi recycles imikhiqizo womuntu imfucuza. Ukungakwazi lokhu indlela yemvelo eyingqayizivele ukubhekana imfucuza - inkinga yangempela kwemvelo. Umhlaba ukungcola ocean kwenzeka ezimweni eziningi ngenxa umuntu.

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu ukungcolisa ulwandle:

• ukuhlanzwa Imphumelelo wahlupheka amanzi angcolile ezimbonini nasemizini ku milambo namalwandle.
• I amanzi angcolile ngokufaka izilwandle kusuka emasimini nasemahlathini. Ziqukethe umquba okunzima ukubola ku imvelo yasolwandle.
• Ulahla - yokungcwaba njalo agcwaliswa ezansi ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle ezingcolisayo ahlukahlukene.
• Ukuvuza uphethiloli noma amafutha ezihlukahlukene izitsha ulwandle futhi emfuleni.
• ukuhluleka okuphindiwe yamapayipi, ugijima ezansi.
• Udoti udoti esukela isizinda amaminerali zone eshalofini futhi phansi olwandle.
• Inhlabathi equkethe into elimazayo.

Uma ukuqoqa wonke ezingcolisa ukuthi ziyingozi izilwandle zomhlaba, singazibona inkinga kuchaziwe ngezansi.

ulahla

It ulahla ngokuthi yokusetha kabusha kwabantu imfucuza umsebenzi kwezomnotho olwandle. kuphakama izinkinga Environmental ngenxa overabundance imfucumfucu enjalo. Isizathu ukuthi lolu hlobo udoti sekwande Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amanzi olwandle has a high Ukuqedwa izakhiwo. Marine Amathuna izimayini imfucuza owabeka kanye nezimboni Metallurgical, ethwala imfucuza, udoti ekwakheni, radionuclides okuyinto kuphakama emsebenzini zenuzi, amakhemikhali, nge ntshashintshe of ubuthi.

Phakathi ukudlula ezingcolisa ngokusebenzisa amanzi kumaphesenti athile imfucuza siphela emanzini olwandle futhi okushintsha yawo yamakhemikhali kwengoma. Transparency uwe, kuba alien umbala wakhe kanye nephunga. Labo abasele abanga-kuyizinhlayiyana ezingcolisa kuthiwa imali phezu kolwandle noma ulwandle phansi. ezifakwa lezo ukuthi ukwakheka kuyahlukahluka nenhlabathi phansi, kukhona yingxube njenge-hydrogen sulfide ne-ammonia. Okuqukethwe eliphezulu izinto zemvelo imiphumela olwandle kule ukuphazamiseka ibhalansi mpilo, luhambisana nomthwalo nokuncipha kwenani microorganism kanye ulwelwe okwenziwa kanye imfucuza. izinto eziningi akha ifilimu phezu kwamanzi, okuyinto ziphazamisa exchange igesi emanzini emoyeni. izinto ezilimazayo ziyoncibilika emanzini, bathambekele buthelela izidumbu ngezinto eziphila olwandle. Abantu zezinhlanzi, ezinamagobolondo futhi molluscs kuyehla, kanti umzimba uqala liguquke. Ngakho-ke inkinga ukusetshenziswa ulwandle ukuthi izakhiwo imvelo yasolwandle wayisebenzisa njengoba giant mshini kabusha.

Ukonakala okungenziwa izinto radioactive

Radionuclides - izinto evelayo ngenxa enuzi izitshalo amandla. Oceans steel esitsheni agcine, equkethe kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi kakhulu amandla enuzi. amaqembu izidakamizwa Transuranium ahlale asebenzayo ayizinkulungwane eziningana iminyaka. Nakuba kwenkhukhuma leyingoti kakhulu tihlelwe e ziqukathi, enemisebe ukungcoliswa ingozi uhlala eliphezulu kakhulu. Ingqikithi kusukela lapho iziqukathi zenziwa, njalo obala isinyathelo asolwandle. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile bavunyelwe ageleze umthamo, futhi imithi enobungozi izinto eziningi ezincane, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi awela ulwandle. Izinkinga bazingcwabe kabusha imfucuza ngezomhlaba wonke ngokwemvelo: ngokusho izibalo, Eighties phansi ezijulile idiphozi wathatha amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 7 izinto eziyingozi .. Okwamanje, usongo owabuzwa ezincithakalweni ukuthi abengcwatjwe amanzi izilwandle iminyaka engu 30-40 edlule.

Ukonakala okungenziwa nge ezinobuthi

amakhemikhali anobuthi zihlanganisa Aldrin, dieldrin, DDT zilwane, nezinye nemikhiqizo chlorine-aqukethe izakhi. Kwezinye izifunda, kukhona emakamu eliphezulu arsenic ne-zinc. izilwandle nakho izilwandle ukungcola ezingeni izihlanzi futhi okhathazayo. Insipho abizwa ngokuthi surfactants, okuyizinto ingxenye amakhemikhali yasendlini. Kanye ukugeleza imifula, lezi zakhi awela olwandle, lapho inqubo kabusha kwenzekani amashumi eminyaka. Isibonelo ngeshwa womsebenzi eliphezulu chemical impi ejenti iyona mass yokuqothulwa izinyoni off Ireland. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, isizathu salokhu wakhonza polihloridfenilovye zehlela ukuthi olwandle kanye aphuma ezimbonini. Ngakho, izinkinga zemvelo kwezilwandle wathinta emhlabeni zezakhamuzi eliwumhlaba.

Ukonakala okungenziwa ezisansimbi ezinamandla

Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuholele, cadmium kanye mercury. Amandla ayo anobuthi lezi zinsimbi ahlale kuze kuphele amakhulu eminyaka. Lezi zici kabanzi umkhakha esindayo. Ngo namafemu Izigayo kukhona amasu yokuhlanza ezahlukene, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, eziningi zalezi izinto faka namadreni olwandle. Ukuze eziphilayo zasolwandle pose olukhulu mercury nomthofu. Izindlela eziyinhloko yokuthola kubo olwandle - kwemfucumfucu yezimboni, emapayipini izimoto, intuthu nothuli wamabhizinisi ezimbonini. Akuwona wonke amazwe ukuba baqonde ukubaluleka le nkinga. Oceans abakwazi ukucubungula izinsimbi ezisindayo, futhi awela izicubu zezinhlanzi, ezinamagobolondo futhi molluscs. Kusukela eziningi zilwanyana zasolwandle kukhona izinto yokudoba, izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye compounds zabo awela ukudla kubantu, okubangela isifo esibi, okuyinto musa ngaso sonke isikhathi uyosabela ukwelashwa.

Kwemoya ngemikhiqizo uwoyela lamafutha

Oil - kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi organic carbon kwakwakhe, uketshezi esindayo umbala brown amnyama. Yinkinga enkulu kwemvelo kwezilwandle kubangelwa ochithekile uwoyela. Eighties olwandle bona sekukhona 16 million tonnes. Lokhu emelelwa 0,23% we ukukhiqiza emhlabeni uwoyela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuvamile umkhiqizo ingena olwandle ngokusebenzisa ukuvuza kusuka iphayiphi. lokuhlala High lamafutha eduze esimatasa imizila yemikhumbi. Lokhu kungenxa eziphuthumayo ezenzeka imikhumbi, nkinga futhi ngamanzi yamanzi isikebhe sizinze emikhunjini sogu lolwandle. Benkathi Ephakathi izitsha banesibopho ekuvimbeleni lesi simo. Phela, ngokuqondene nezinkinga zakhe. Oceans futhi ungcoliswe yi-kokuziphatha umkhiqizo imali athuthukile - ngoba inombolo enkulu ezisekelweni elise emashalofini futhi olwandle. amanzi Ukusingathwa wenziwa olwandle, uketshezi ezimbonini, ngendlela emanzini asolwandle livela abangaba yizigidi ezingu-0.5 amathani ngonyaka.

Umkhiqizo amanzi olwandle ancibilikisa kancane. Okokuqala, sisakazeka ebusweni ungqimba elincanyana. Amabhulokhi uwoyela ifilimu kwema- kwelanga nomoya-mpilo emanzini olwandle, lapho ukudluliswa ukushisa sawohloka. Umkhiqizo yakha emulsions amabili amanzi - the "amafutha namanzi" futhi "amanzi emafutheni". Bobabili emulsions amelana kakhulu emathonyeni zangaphandle; izindawo ezakhiwe kubo, bayakwazi ukuhambahamba phesheya kolwandle ngosizo yolwandle, ezizika izingqimba phansi futhi beaching. Ukubhujiswa emulsions ezinjalo, noma ukudala izimo kucutshungulwe - lena futhi isixazululo ukubhekana nezindaba ocean ngokomongo yokungcola uwoyela.

ukungcola ezishisayo

Inkinga ukungcoliswa ezishisayo kuyinto obunganakekile ngokwemvelo. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ushintsho lokushisa ibhalansi imisinga kanye emanzini angasogwini ephula imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo eziphila olwandle, okuyinto ngakho izilwandle ocebile. Izinkinga global elihlobene ne ukufudumala, zivela yokuthi amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa kukhishelwa kusukela amabhizinisi kanye izitshalo amandla. Ukupholisa Liquid kuyinto izinqubo umthombo zemvelo ezahlukene. I ukushuba we amanzi ukufuthelana kuphazamisa ukushisa bemvelo imvelo yasolwandle, okuyinto kwehlisa izinga lomoya-mpilo ezingqimbeni phansi emanzini. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni ukuzalela ulwelwe kanye anaerobic amagciwane, okuyinto banesibopho ukucutshungulwa izinto eziphilayo.

Izindlela ukuxazulula izinkinga kwezilwandle

ukungcola uwoyela Global buye baphoqa eziningi emihlanganweni ohulumeni amandla zasolwandle, ukhathazekile mayelana nendlela alondoloze izilwandle. Izinkinga zaqala ukugqoka bemvelo, kodwa liguqubele. Futhi phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, eziningi imithetho ukuthi ukusungula ukuphepha nobumsulwa amanzi ezindaweni ezisogwini. izinkinga Global kwezilwandle ngokwengxenye isinqumo Conference London ngo-1973. isixazululo yayo kudinga zonke umkhumbi ukuba isitifiketi international ezifanele eqinisekisa ukuthi zonke imishini, imishini kanye nezindlela zisesimweni esifanele, futhi umkhumbi ehlangana ocean ungamlimazi imvelo. Kwenziwa ushintsho futhi izimoto ukwakhiwa athwele amafutha. Imithetho amasha adinga emathangini avuzayo yesimanje esikabili. Wavalwa ngokuphelele nkinga amanzi angcolile kusuka emathangini avuzayo uwoyela, yokuhlanza imithambo kumele kwenziwe ethekwini izinto ezikhethekile. Kodwa muva nje, ososayensi baye basungula emulsion ekhethekile ahlanze uwoyela emathangini avuzayo ngaphandle ulahla amanzi angcolile.

A Waters uwoyela ngephutha ochithekile luqedwe ngosizo elintantayo skimmers uwoyela izithiyo ahlukahlukene lateral.

izinkinga Global kwezilwandle, ukungcolisa ikakhulukazi uwoyela, yabakhanga ososayensi. Ngemva kwalokhu udinga ukwenza okuthile. Ekucwileni ezikweletini ochithekile uwoyela emanzini - inkinga eyinhloko izilwandle zomhlaba. Izixazululi le nkinga ihlanganisa zombili izindlela ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Kakade, foams ehlukahlukene kanye nezinye izinto unsinkable ukuthi angaqoqqa 90% izindawo. Ngemva kwalokho izinto elifakwe eqoqwe uwoyela, umkhiqizo bephushelwa kuyo. Izinhla zezinto zokusebenza ezinjalo lingasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe, banalo izindleko ngokwanele ongaphakeme futhi ephumelela kakhulu lokuqoqa lwamafutha endaweni enkulu.

ososayensi Japanese ziye zasungula izidakamizwa esekelwe irayisi husk. Le into olufuthwe on endaweni uwoyela imidlalo futhi ukuqoqa wonke uwoyela esikhathini esifushane. Ngemva le bhuloki impahla ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali-umkhiqizo, ungakwazi ukubamba i ukudoba net abavamile.

Indlela ezithakazelisayo yasungulwa ososayensi American ukuqeda leyo izindawo e-Atlantic Ocean. Ngaphansi kukawoyela lehliselwa mncane ipuleti Ceramic exhunywe isici acoustic. dlidliza Kugcine, amafutha aqoqana kumiswa amafutha nekucala gush phezu indiza sobumba. uwoyela ezingcolile umthombo wamanzi ephakamayo i kagesi isetshenziswa plate. ngaleyo ndlela umkhiqizo combusted ngaphandle kokudala neze kulimaze imvelo.

Ngo-1993, i-mthetho owenqabela ukudedelwa olwandle okusamanzi kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi (LRW). Imiklamo ekucubunguleni imfucuza enjalo iye maphakathi nawo-90s kwekhulu elidlule. Kodwa uma okulahlwa fresh okusamanzi imfucuza ezinemisebe kunqatshelwe ngokomthetho, izinqolobane endala esetshenziswa izinto radioactive, ukuphumula phansi ekujuleni kolwandle kusukela 50s maphakathi, inkinga engathí sina.

Imiphumela

ukungcola Emikhulu anda ingozi kwemithombo yemvelo sichichima izilwandle. Izinkinga ezihlobene ukongiwa yemijikelezo yemvelo kanye nemvelo ezidinga izinqumo ezisheshayo futhi zilungile. Izinyathelo ezithathwe ososayensi kanye nohulumeni lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni, bonisa isifiso sabantu ukulondoloza ingcebo izilwandle ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of nomthelela wezenzo zabantu umjikelezo wemvelo kuba juqu, ngakho iyiphi izinyathelo zokulungisa isimo izinqubo yabantu kufanele kube ngesikhathi esifanele futhi esanele ekulondolozeni imvelo yemvelo. A indima ekhethekile cwaningo kwemithelela womuntu olwandle kudlala zokuqapha njalo, esekelwe eside kugcinwa eziphilayo okuthiwa i-World Ocean. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo ezisuka kusukela zonke izinhlobo okubangelwa abantu komkhathi lamanzi, ukutadisha ngemvelo zasolwandle.

Izinhlobonhlobo izinkinga kudinga ukwethulwa izimiso iyunifomu izinyathelo evamile kufanele kuthathwe ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke amazwe ukhathazekile. Indlela elilungile lapho labantu eMhlabeni uzokwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo olwandle kanye nokuvimbela ukungcola wayo, - ekuvimbeleni isitoreji imithi enobungozi olwandle kanye kudalwa ukukhiqizwa udoti ivaliwe umjikelezo. Ukuguqulwa imfucuza enobungozi ku izinsiza ewusizo, ngokuyinhloko ubuchwepheshe obusha ukukhiqizwa kufanele ukuxazulula le nkinga ukungcolisa amanzi olwandle, kodwa ngeke kungathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba imibono kwemvelo bakwenze.