Nvidia GeForce GTX 470: Ukucaciswa, ukubuyekeza

NVIDIA bekulokhu impela isikhathi eside, design enemininingwane izakhiwo ukusekela sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe uyakufanelekela imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa. Ngakho, ngo-iningi labantu amacala engaba mibili esichithwa inkampani ukuba zisuke uchungechunge elandelayo.

Loko kukhululwa GTX 470 ihluzo amakhadi esalibele ngoba Onjiniyela baphoqeleka ukuba kanzima ngokwanele ukucubungula izakhiwo, lapho khona ezinye izinkinga ukukhiqizwa, ekugcineni wadala chip kwakusobala kangangokuthi kakhulu ukufuthelana phakathi umsebenzi wabo. Ngakho, umjikelezo wahlala cishe ncamashi efanayo, kodwa kusukela ikhadi odlule usephendukele cishe iminyaka emibili. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, ekhishwe GTX ikhadi 470 ekuqaleni babethi ngokuthi umholi kwezobuchwepheshe isikhathi sakhe. Akungabazeki ukuthi zingabantu abanjalo babehamba.

GeForce 400

Ngokwesiko, NVIDIA inikezwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ihluzo amakhadi amabili, lo GTX 470 kanye 480, kodwa inguqulo yokuqala evame kakhulu phakathi abasebenzisi namuhla.

Ochwepheshe ngokushesha sebephendukela nesibalo transistors, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se Fermi. Ukusebenzisa le ipharamitha ngokungaqondile kungenziwa ukutshela kanjani ezinhle chip entsha, ngoba kwaba kabili kunezinga isikhiqiza njengensimu kuqhathaniswa iwuhlelo yangaphambili inkampani, kanye nezikhathi nenxenye edlula Cypress zanamuhla, ukuthi kuyinto kakhulu, umphumela omuhle kakhulu.

Yiqiniso, leli nani ngqo kubonakala ngesikhathi sokushisa. Ngo inqubo GTX 470 yayenzelwe ukusebenzisa 40-nm inqubo lobuchwepheshe, lapho umehluko iphakethe ezishisayo, namadivayisi esifanayo cishe iyafana umehluko inani transistors.

izici Technical

Ekuqaleni, kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise CUDA-512 izilimi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sinqumo, ukuze nani lase kancane encishisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukushabalalisa ukushisa, kanye ukwandisa isivuno chips ukusebenza ngempela. Nokho, ekugcineni ikhadi usazoba ngempela eqolo ngoba iningi labantu abasebenzisi.

Eqinisweni Strange kwaba ukuthi imvamisa inkumbulo ngisho imodeli ukuyedlula lincane ukuncintisana isixazululo HD 5850. Inani inkumbulo komkhawulokudonsa ephakeme kunaleyo GeForce GTX 470, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi yayisebenzisa chips ngokushesha, ukwethula kungenzeka ukusheshisa yayo okwengeziwe .

Kanjani ukuthi iziphatha emidlalweni?

Bobabili onobuhle zibandakanya IDirectX 11. Uma emakethe yaqala ukubonakala Evergreen imodeli ihluzo ikhadi, kwakukhona cishe lutho ngalokho lwalungaba ukuhlola amakhono kule divayisi, kodwa ukukhululwa GeForce GTX 470 isimo ayikashintshi. Imidlalo ezingase ukusekela ezintsha ze-API, lalihlukene izimo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, laliphathelene ikhiphe inombolo enkulu amaphrojekthi ezahlukene, okuyiwona ukusetshenziswa ikhadi enjalo vidiyo. Ngisho nanamuhla nokusebenzisa kwayo eliphezulu iningi elikhulu imidlalo, futhi uma yakamuva ayikwazi ukudlalwa at izidingo esiphezulu, medium, noma okungenani ubuncane ke ziyogcina esitebeleni.

Njengenhlalayenza, le nkampani yanquma ukuba ukugembula esivuna esizayo iqhakambisa NVIDIA GeForce yakho GTX 470 ukusebenza amathuba anjalo ahlinzekwa lokugcina iDirectX, kanye ukulalelisisa ekhethekile GPGPU.

Umklamo chip entsha

Idivayisi entsha isetshenziselwe chip nge izakhiwo omusha obizwa ngokuthi GF100. Uma uthi nhlá, kwakukhona kokungafani okukhulu kumanduleli wawo, ukuklanywa izinto ezintsha wahlala scalar, ukuze ukulinganiselwa ezithile ayekhona. Kancane washintsha indlela yokwakheka jikelele injongo zonke izilimi, okuyinto kwanqunywa ukuba sihlanganise ngendlela amabhlogo kahle esikhulu. Esikhathini onobuhle GT200 amayunithi lawo libizwa ngokuthi TPC, futhi ngamunye kubo kwakuhlanganisa zonke izesekeli adingekayo okungenzeka kudingeke uma usebenza nge ihluzo, ngaphandle amabhlogo rasterization. Esikhathini esizayo, inkampani ngokushesha waqala ebanga izinguqulo Outlet ka-NVIDIA GeForce GTX 470, lapho amabhlogo ezinjalo uyabanda unqamukile noma ukushintshwa.

Endabeni ngayinye block ezinjalo owedlule imodeli chip samanje (multiprocessors ukusakaza) ezintathu SM, anesibhozo ukuthungwa amayunithi futhi ezingeni isilondolozi lokuqala 16 KB. Ngo block of the amadivayisi amasha, esikhundleni salokho, omunye Raster Engine iye yasetshenziswa, futhi ezine SM, lapho kuwo ngamunye samanje siqu isilondolozi kanye ukuthungwa amayunithi. Ngezinye chip efanayo, kukhona kanyekanye amabhlogo amane lemali kokunikezela umsebenzisi 32 Amaphikseli iwashi ngayinye.

multiprocessors Ukusakaza

Uma sicabangela kudivayisi ezingeni SM, umehluko kuyaphawuleka ngempela, ngoba lapho ededelwa kusukela NVIDIA GTX 470, ochwepheshe abaningi baye waveza ukuthi kukhona SM olukhudlwana nezizimele. Esikhathini esidlule, isizukulwane samanje ikhadi 8 SP, kanye 2 SFU, kodwa manje inani labo kanye isilinganiso lashintsha, lapho ngamunye idivayisi ekhona 4 SFU, 32 CUDA Core, 16 futhi Layisha / Isitolo amayunithi.

Ngo kwesizukulwane sesithathu ngalinye kulawa multiprocessors kwakukhona eziningana izilimi ukuthungwa kanye inkumbulo wabelane enikeza hardware tessellation.

Ngenxa yokuthi le izilimi ukuthungwa, kanye yoke imikhandlu efaneleko isilondolozi inkumbulo multiprocessors zihanjiswe ngaphakathi, onjiniyela bakwazi ukufeza operation esebenza kahle kakhulu kangakanani lezi amadivaysi. Kwathiwa wanquma ngokuphelele rework izakhiwo yangaphakathi yalezi amadivaysi, ukwandisa ukuvama umsebenzi wabo, plus kathathu ivolumu ezingeni memory yesibili ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe inqubo texturing.

inkumbulo ezivamile

Ingobolwazi ehlanganyelwayo kuye kwahlanganiswa nomkhakha isilondolozi L1, kuphumele okuhambisanayo inkumbulo baba basakaza kahle, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lomsebenzi wenziwa okwamanje kudivayisi. Ngaphambili inkumbulo ezivamile kuhlanganisiwe kuphela 16 KB, Nokho, kuleli qophelo, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo umsebenzi, apharathasi ngeke ukusabalalisa 64 KB yimemori. Uma okwamanje, inani elikhulu isiphetho ngokomzimba, ke 48 KB we GTX imemori khadi 470 ihambisa ukuze L1. Uma izinqubo ezahlukene semali isikhathi sokufuna ulwazi oluthile, lilondolozwe inkumbulo wabelane. Phakathi kwezinye izinto wusizo GPGPU futhi kathathu nenani L2 isilondolozi ku GTX 470. Umkhiqizo Imininingwane, ngakho abaningi basuka ngokuziqhathanisa nesincintisana nabo ngokwaziswa.

tessellation

Tessellation ingenye izimpawu ezisemqoka ikhadi Radeon HD 5000. Isiqophi ikhadi NVIDIA GeForce GTX 470, esikhundleni salokho, phansi kangcono ukusebenza kwalesi algorithm.

I-API IDirectX 11, kukhona usekelo "amabalazwe ukufuduka" ethile yokwenza ivolumu. Ngakho, ama-pixel ngayinye etholakala umfanekiso ukuthungwa, ziyonquma ukuphakama kwalo. Lokhu ukuthungwa lisetshenzisiwe umdlalo ukuze senze umfanekiso onemininingwane eminingi.

Lapha kulapho iza tessellation, okuyinto ifakwe GTX 470. Sibutsetelo algorithm wabonisa ukuthi kwakhiwa wonke KaMose is kusuka endaweni eyodwa. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe isetshenziswa kungakhathaliseki amabalazwe ukufuduka, kodwa imiphumela umxhwele kakhulu ingatholakala kuphela uma esetshenziswa ndawonye. Iziqongo ngemapholigoni ukwakha iyokwehla noma ekhuphukela ukuphakama ethile, ngokuletha uhlelo imodeli eshiwo ikamelo ikhadi.

Ziyini izinzuzo?

Eqinisweni, imodeli is eyatholakala ngokuphelele ezifanayo endinganisweni Polly ephezulu, ungawunaki ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Polly ongaphakeme, t. Ukuze. It uyonika avelele lesifanele and shadow kahle, ukuchitha ngaleyo ndlela bonke umyalelo ezidlula izinsiza ezimbalwa.

Ngamanye amazwi, i-NVIDIA GTX 470 izici ezifana ukuthi kusheshe ukulayisha amakhadi inkumbulo imodeli, kuyilapho kamuva ngeke afeze yokulayisha athula izindawo nezinye amazinga emininingwane, lokho kwakuyiqiniso amadivayisi isizukulwane esedlule. Zonke izinqubo abazenzi ukuguqulwa ngokuqondile ngaphakathi ikhadi phakathi nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene enikeza scalability nakakhulu. Kuye khona imahhala amandla ama kuyoba eduze ibalazwe ukufuduka nge ukunemba ezithile, okuyinto ebaluleke ngempela ngokuya weJiyomethri ukusebenza GTX 470. Umsebenzisi Izibuyekezo zisikisela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe kakhulu ngcono ukusebenza jikelele computer lapho kukhishwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ihluzo izinqubo.

Yini abasebenzisi bathini?

Impendulo kusuka kubasebenzisi, ubuyekeze ikhompyutha yakho ngokufaka ibalazwe echazwe libonisa ukuthi ngemva kokuthuthukisa kwakunokwenzeka ukubeka yonke imidlalo izilungiselelo esiphezulu. Lo mdlalo akazange iphahlazeka, akukho amabhuleki awazange uyalandelwa.

Yiqiniso, lezi izimpendulo kukhona isici 2010-2012, okwamanje ikhadi ayisaxhunyanisiwe inikeza umnikazi walo kanjalo amathuba akupheli. Nokho ngaleso ubuchwepheshe isikhathi uye wagxumela phambili, uhambe ukuthi lawa imidlalo, lapho ikhadi ihluzo enjalo ingadlalwa kuphela kuzilungiselelo ubuncane.

3D Vision

3D ubuchwepheshe namuhla wathola nkinga eyande kakhulu, ezisukela namathelevishini kanye nabaqaphi langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Ngisho inkampani sekuyisikhathi eside AMD kwaba ikhipha izibuko ayo, kanye isofthiwe ezifanele, okuvumela nomkhiqizi isiqophi ikhadi ukubonisa eliphezulu izithombe stereoscopic.

Izici GeForce GTX 470 futhi zihlanganisa ikhono ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi it has a ukusebenza abalulekile nokuzwakala jikelele Gameplay noma yefilimu ohluke ngokuphelele.

Yonke lamathuluzi olunikezwa amakhadi isiqophi ezahlukene futhi i-API, kunzima ngokwanele ukuthi angafunda kubasebenzisi abayitoho futhi ngaleyo ndlela ubhekwa ngokuphelele engenamsebenzi uma akekho ozoyisebenzisa. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi NVIDIA sidaliwe ukwahlukana ahlukene esebenza yesimanje game Onjiniyela. Yiqiniso, ukunakwa njalo baphiwa abantu amaphrojekthi yimpumelelo kakhulu, okuyinto usumisiwe nokubambisana letihlomulisa, ngoba ekugcineni umdlalo luba lukhulu ngokushesha futhi sihle uma kwenzeka ukuthi usethule umsebenzisi kukhompyutha nale ikhadi.

Ukupholisa uhlelo

Ukuqinisekisa Ukupholisa ezanele, inkampani ikhadi uye wazakhela cooler ezikhethekile, okuyinto ingenye enamandla kakhulu phakathi kokufana inkomba onobuhle. lolu cingo luklanyelwe ngesimo a ophephela ejwayelekile, kodwa unawo izici ezimbalwa nakanjani kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile.

Njengoba isizathu uhlelo kusukela chassis mechanical ngekhava plastic elikulo. Ngokusebenzisa ezikhethekile amakhefu ezishisayo, ukushisa ngesikhathi ukusebenza kwe-chips inkumbulo futhi subsystems, idluliselwa ku uzimele. Kusukela GF 100, ukushisa sisuswa ngosizo ezinhlanu ukushisa amapayipi ekhethekile mbeni chip ngqo.

Ukuthintana ngqo ukushisa amapayipi chip ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ukupholisa izinhlelo, izilimi, kanye uhlelo enjalo akakwazi ngokuthi ngokusobala kuphumelela ngaphezu standard. Kodwa kulokhu kuthiwa, lapho asethuthukile, GTX GeForce 470, onjiniyela baye wayegxila ohlelweni ukupholisa.