Kwebalingisi kanye Ukwahlukanisa yokugoma

Imithi (definition, ngezigaba is okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko) zingabameleli immunological esetshenziswa yokugoma njengoba asebenzayo (okwehlukile - esebumba asebenzayo amasosha omzimba ukumelana umzimba ukuze pathogen ethize). UBANI waphetha yokugoma - indlela engcono nokuvinjelwa pathologies ezithathelwanayo. Ngenxa kahle yaso ephezulu, inkimbinkimbi indlela, kungenzeka Ukusabalala ububanzi zabantu bakuleli zwe zibhekane zigonywe ukuvimbela mass pathologies, immunoprophylaxis emazweni amaningi labizwa ngokuthi kuqala uhulumeni.

yokugoma

Ukugonywa - izilinganiso ekhethekile zokuvimbela ukuze kuvikeleke ingane noma umuntu omdala kusukela pathologies ezithile ngokuphelele noma kakhulu ukunciphisa ukuvela kwazo mcimbi.

A nomphumela ofanayo ibangelwa "ukuqeqeshwa" esimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni. Lapho iqondiswa izidakamizwa umzimba (noma kunalokho amasosha omzimba) ukuze alwe namagciwane futhi eyayenziwe kwethulwa "uyakhumbula" zalo. Lapho kabusha ukutheleleka amasosha omzimba icushiwe ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ngokuphelele ebhubhisa ejenti angaphandle.

Uhlu imisebenzi wokugoma zihlanganisa:

• ukukhethwa abantu zigonywe;
• Ukukhetha izidakamizwa;
• ekubumbeni wesifunda umgomo;
• ukulawula kahle;
• therapy (uma kunesidingo) yezinkinga cishe futhi ukusabela sokugembula.

lokugoma Izindlela

• Intradermal. Isibonelo salokhu BCG. Ukwethulwa wokugoma bukhoma akhiqizwa ehlombe (lwesithathu elingaphandle ke). Indlela efanayo liyasetshenziswa ukuvimbela tularemia, isifo, brucellosis, umbendeni, Q imfiva.
• Oral. Zokunqanda uvendle kanye ngamarabi. On the izigaba yentuthuko ejenti temlomo ngokumelene umkhuhlane, isimungumungwana, i-typhoid fever, isifo meningococcal.
• Ongama. Kule ndlela, umuthi akuyona adsorbed is busuka noma ehlombe Undercut (ebusweni elingaphandle phakathi maphakathi kanye kwezintathu engenhla ehlombe) esifundeni. Izinzuzo: allergenicity ongaphakeme, kalula nokuphatha, UKUQINA amasosha omzimba (kokubili zendawo jikelele).
• Aerosol. Kwakuvamise njengoba yokugoma eziphuthumayo. Ingabe aerosol ephumelela kakhulu anti-brucellosis, imfuluwenza tularemia, idiphtheria, i-anthrax isilonda, ukukhwehlela whooping, isifo, rubella, igesi esibhibhayo, isifo sofuba nomhlathi-ngqi, typhus, i-typhoid, botulism, uhudo, mumps B.
• Esicutshini. Ikhishwa emisipheni ethangeni (ingxenye engenhla perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps ethangeni kwemisipha). Ngokwesibonelo, DTP.

yokugoma Modern ngezigaba

Kunezigaba eziningana yokugoma.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kusho ngokuhambisana isizukulwane:

• 1 isizukulwane (wokugoma corpuscular). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ihlukaniswe attenuated (ephilayo buthaka) kanye inactivated (abulala) kusho;
• isizukulwane 2nd: subunit (chemical) kanye exotoxins detoxified (toxoids);
• 3 presents isizukulwane yokugoma isakhi sokuzakhela ngokumelene hepatitis B wokugoma isakhi sokuzakhela futhi amarabi;
• Generation 4 (hhayi kufakwe umkhuba), imelelwa plasmid DNA, zokwenziwa peptides, isitshalo imijovo yokugoma eziqukethe MHC imikhiqizo kanye therapy idiotypic.

2. Ukwahlukanisa imigomo (i-microbiology ne-lubahlukanise ku namakilasi amaningana) umsuka. Ngu umsuka yokugoma zihlukaniswe zibe:

• uyaphila, owenza yomuntu yokuphila, kodwa attenuated ezincane-eziphilayo;
• Kushone wadala ngesisekelo nezilwanyana ezincane inactivated ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene;
• umsuka chemical imigomo (on the base antigen ukuhlanzwa kakhulu);
• yokugoma zidalwe ngosizo izindlela biotechnological yena, zihlukaniswe zibe:

- zokwenziwa yokugoma esekelwe oligosaccharides futhi oligopeptides;

- yokugoma DNA;

- izakhi wokugoma wadala ngesisekelo imikhiqizo eziwumphumela synthesis izinhlelo isakhi sokuzakhela.

3. Ngokuhambisana amalungu Ar izidakamizwa, imithi yokugoma kukhona ngezigaba ezilandelayo (ngamanye amazwi, njengoba Ar e imigomo ingase ibe khona):

• amaseli lonke microbial (inactivated noma siphile);
• izingxenye ngazinye amaseli microbial (Ar kakhulu zokuzivikela);
• ubuthi microbial;
• ngu synthetically Ag amagciwane;
• Ar ukuthi etholwe amasu genetic engineering.

Kuye ikhono ukuthuthukisa nokuvikeleka ukuze ejenti eziningana noma eyodwa:

• monovalent;
• uvendle.

Ukwahlukanisa yokugoma kuhambisana iqoqo Ar:

• ingxenye;
• corpuscular.

yokugoma bukhoma

Ukuze womshini yokugoma enjalo usebenzisa attenuated zakulezi izinto ezithwala izifo. yokugoma ezinjalo izakhiwo immunogenic, kodwa okuvela ngezimpawu zesifo ngesikhathi yokugoma ngokuvamile azibangelwa.

Ngenxa yalokho sokungena komjovo bukhoma emzimbeni Kumiswa cell nemithi, a secretory, amasosha omzimba humoral.

Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi

Izinzuzo wokugoma bukhoma (ngezigaba, isicelo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko):

• A umthamo ubuncane;
• kungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene yokugoma;
• okusheshayo runningaway amasosha omzimba;
• ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu;
• amanani aphansi;
• the immunogenicity we zemvelo kakhulu;
• eyakhiwa akukho nezivimbelakuvunda;
• ngaphansi kwethonya yokugoma ezifana kusebenze zonke izinhlobo amasosha omzimba.

uhlangothi Negative:

• uma buthakathaka isimiso sokuzivikela komzimba ngendlela nesineke lapho zaphathwa wokugoma bukhoma kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa isifo;
• wokugoma yalolu hlobo ezikhathalela kakhulu lokushisa, ngakho ukwethulwa "kungcoliswe" wokugoma bukhoma ukuthuthukisa ukusabela ezingezinhle noma wokugoma ilahlekelwa impahla yayo;
• ukungakwazi sihlanganise lezi ngemigomo nezinye amalungiselelo wokugoma, ekubukeni izigigaba ezingezinhle noma ukulahleka kusebenta zokwelapha.

Ukwahlukanisa yokugoma bukhoma

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo yokugoma bukhoma:

• Attenuated (obuthaka) wokugoma amalungiselelo. Basuke ikhiqizwa zamagciwane ukuthi ziye zanciphisa pathogenicity, kodwa liphinyiselwe immunogenicity. Lapho iqondiswa uhlobo wokugoma emzimbeni eba ukutheleleka ukufana: ejenti infective kabusha, kanjalo okubangela kumiswa izimpendulo mzimba. Phakathi owaziwa kakhulu ka amalungiselelo anjalo wokugoma ukuze kuvikelwe i-typhoid fever, izilonda, umbendeni, Q imfiva kanye brucellosis. Nokho kwenqwaba yokugoma bukhoma - izidakamizwa elwa namagciwane kusukela izifo adenoviral, i-yellow fever, mumps, Sabin wokugoma (uvendle), ne-rubella, isimungumungwana, Umkhuhlane;
• Imigomo etshiyeneyo. Zenziwa ngesisekelo zamagciwane ahlobene pathologies ezithathelwanayo. Lezi antigen avuse amasosha omzimba okuwela ohlangothini lwegciwane antigen. Izibonelo yokugoma esinjalo prophylaxis wokugoma ngokumelene ingxibongo uhlobo ukuthi yenziwa ngesisekelo the ingxibongo igciwane vaccinia futhi BCG, ngesisekelo mycobacteria ezibangela isifo sofuba sezinkomo.

Umkhuhlane yokugoma

Ukubhekwa kokuvinjelwa ephumelela kunazo Umkhuhlane yokugoma esetshenziswa. Ziyakwazi izidakamizwa zokwakheka ukunikeza ukubukeka ukumelana tesikhashana Umkhuhlane amagciwane.

Izinkomba yokugoma ezifana yilezi:

• iminyaka engu-60 noma ngaphezulu;
• bronchopulmonary esingamahlalakhona noma isifo senhliziyo;
• sokukhulelwa (2-3 trimesters);
• abasebenzi, imitholampilo kanye nezibhedlela;
• abantu abahlala unomphela kukahulumeni avaliwe (emajele, izindawo zokulala, makhaya, njalo njalo);
• iziguli ekwelashweni umile noma ambulatory ukuthi babe gemoglabinopatii, icindezela amasosha omzimba, isifo sesibindi, izinso kanye iziyaluyalu umzimba.

zinhlobo

Ukwahlukanisa Umkhuhlane yokugoma zihlanganisa amaqembu ezilandelayo:

1. wokugoma Phila;
2. wokugoma Inactivated:

• wonke igciwane imigomo. Lezi zinto zibandakanya Ezingakanqotshwa ukuhlanzwa kakhulu virions inactivated;
• rascheplennye (yokuhlukanisa yokugoma). Ngokwesibonelo: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Kusekelwe iphazamiseke Umkhuhlane virions (zonke amaprotheni igciwane);

• subunit wokugoma ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") yakhiwa ebusweni amaprotheni amabili viral, haemagglutinin ne-neuraminidase ukuqinisekisa lokungeniswa of amasosha omzimba nge Umkhuhlane. Akhona namanye amaprotheni we virion, futhi iphuphu umbungu bengekho kusukela iqedwe ngesikhathi nokuhlanzwa.