Japan Imboni: Imboni nokuthuthukiswa

Japan (Nihon noma Nippon) - one of the ehola amandla kwezomnotho. Kuyinto omunye wabaholi, kanye US nase China. It ebangela u-70% womkhiqizo ingqikithi eMpumalanga Asia.

umkhakha Japanese ifinyelele ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa, ikakhulukazi imikhakha yesayensi nemfundo. Phakathi kwabaholi komnotho womhlaba - inkampani "Motors Toyota", "Sony Corporation", "Fujitsu", "Motors Honda", "Toshiba" nabanye.

isimo samanje

Japan ayiyinhle zemvelo - kuphela ezifakwa ebalulekile amalahle, ithusi nomthofu-zinc imikhando. Eminyakeni yamuva nje iye futhi ube ukwelashwa ngezihloko ezihlukene ocean imithombo - uranium isizinda olwandle, ukukhiqizwa ngamaqhubu manganese.

Ngokuya emnothweni wezwe ngaleso ucezu Japan ebangela u-12% ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane. Oholela izimboni Japanese - ayoni futhi yokusansimbi non-ayoni, umshini wokwakha (ikakhulukazi yezimoto, amarobhothi kanye electronics), amakhemikhali kanye wemboni ukudla.

nokuklanywa zezimboni

Phakathi isimo, zikhona izindawo ezinkulu ezintathu:

• Tokyo-Yokohama, okubandakanya Keihin, East Japan, Tokyo Prefecture, Kanagawa, zaseKanto esifundeni.
• Nagoya, sihlobana a bale.
• Osaka-Kobsky (Han-xing).

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, zikhona izindawo futhi ezincane:

• Northern Kyushu (Kita-Kyushu).
• Kanto.
• East Sea District Industrial (Tokai).
• Tokyo-Tibsky (Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-e-Kay, empumalanga yeJapane, saseKanto futhi Chiba Prefecture esifundeni).
• Ngaphakathi-Japan Sea Area (setonaikai esiqiwini).
• wesifunda Industrial yamazwe enyakatho (Hokuriku).
• endaweni Kasimsky (nazi konke okufanayo East Japan, Kashima, Ibaraki Prefecture futhi isifundazwe saseKanto).

Bangaphezu kuka-50% imali ezimbonini yokukhiqiza akhawunti izindawo Tokyo Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe kanye Nagoya, kanye emzini Kitakyushu enyakatho yalesi siqhingi zaseKyushu.

I-elementi amaningi asebenzayo oqine wemakethe kulelizwe esivuna amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi. Ukuze le ndawo kungokwalabo 99% kuzona zonke izinkampani Japanese. Nokho, lokhu akunjalo basembonini yendwangu. umkhakha Khanyisa e-Japan (isici phambili okukhulunywa embonini) kusekelwe izikhungo ezinkulu, ezinakho konke okudingekayo.

abamabhizinisi athinta ezolimo

emazweni Agricultural hlala ezweni mayelana 13% insimu yalo. Futhi ingxenye ala mazwe - jellied Amasimu esetshenziselwa irayisi kulinywe. Enkabeni yalo, ezolimo lapha isabalalise, futhi kusekelwe ukulima futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukutshala irayisi, lobuchwepheshe izitshalo, okusanhlamvu kanye itiye.

Kodwa akugcini lapho, ungakwazi ukuziqhayisa Japan. Umkhakha Lezokulima kuleli zwe ayenziwa futhi osekelwa Uhulumeni, ukuba ngibanike eningi ukunakwa imali eningi sitshala imali yentuthuko yabo. A indima ebalulekile nayo kudlalwa ukulima, sericulture, nemfuyo, ezamahlathi kanye nezokudoba zasolwandle.

Indawo ebalulekile emkhakheni wezolimo ihlanganisa Fig. Vegetable zikhula ithuthukiswe ikakhulukazi edolobheni, ngaphansi ukuthi sisuswe cishe ikota yebahlali umhlaba wokulima. Le ndawo asele kuhlala izitshalo zezimboni, ifolishi izitshalo kamalibhele izihlahla.

Cishe abayizigidi ezingu-25 amahektha imbozwe amahlathi, ezimweni eziningi, abanikazi bangabalimi. abanikazi Small eyakhe izingxenye ezingaba ngu-1 ha. Phakathi abanikazi ezinkulu - amalungu asebukhosini, zezindela namathempeli.

zizalela izinkomo

Imfuyo e ilanga liphuma waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa kuphela ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Anakho omunye sici - e kusekelwe amazwe, okuphakelayo amazwe (corn). Wayenalo emnothweni Japanese iyakwazi ukunikeza kungekho abangaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yabo bonke izidingo.

imfuyo isikhungo ukhonza obakhathalelayo. Hokkaido. Ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi enyakatho yengulube yayo. Ngokuvamile, nezinkomo izinkomo ifinyelela abantu 5 million, cishe ingxenye yazo - avalele izinkomo.

embonini yokudoba

Sea - omunye izinzuzo ukuthi ungakwazi ukujabulela Japan. Umkhakha Lezokulima etholakala ezweni indawo izinzuzo eziningi esiqhingini:-ke yindlela engeziwe ngenxa yokwanda kwezidingo kwezimpahla, nokusiza umkhakha wezokuvakasha, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zokudla.

Nokho, naphezu kolwandle, leli lizwe linazo ukungenisa eliningi eminye imikhiqizo (ngokuhambisana nomthetho wabantu bonke ngamazwe, isizinda ngezinto eziphila olwandle kuvumeleke ngaphakathi kwemingcele amanzi indawo).

Izinhloso eziyinhloko gear aphume ashone inhlanzi, i-turbot, ama-cod, ama-salmon, i-halibut, saury, njll Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu catch ukuhlinzeka amanzi eduze esiqhingini Hokkaido. Japan akophulwanga hlangothi nakuloluya ipumelelo umcabango lwesayensi lwanamuhla: lapha ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni aquaculture (pearl cultured, nezinhlanzi amachweba elayisi amasimu).

ezokuthutha

Ngo-1924, epaki izimoto kuleli zwe has mayelana 17,9 inkulungwane kuphela. Amayunithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakubikwa nani elihlaba umxhwele orisho, amabhayisikili nezinqola ukuthi letatinyakata ngenxa izinkabi noma amahhashi.

iminyaka engu-20 kamuva, kukhuphuke ukufunwa amaloli, ikakhulukazi ngenxa sihlangabezane nezidingo zombuso okhulayo ibutho. Ngo-1941 izwe ekhiqizwa izimoto 46.706, zazo kuphela 1065 - umgibeli.

umkhakha Izithuthi eJapane basungula kuphela ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, eyasebenza njengodonga umfutho ukuze Nempi YaseKorea. enezimo ezingcono olunikezwa baseMelika izinkampani ukuthi bathathwa ukugcwaliseka oda wezempi.

Engxenyeni yesibili 50s sekukhule kakhulu futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo izimoto ezithwala. Ngo-1980, Japan lamfica US futhi waba isithekelisi ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ngo-2008, leli zwe ubelokhu eqashelwa automaker esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

shipbuilding

Lona omunye izimboni ehola, abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-400 eziyinkulungwane. Indoda, ucabangela ukusebenza ngqo ezimbonini kanye izinkampani ezingaphansi.

ezikhona uvumele ukwakha izitsha zonke izinhlobo futhi isiphetho sabo, ne kakhulu ngendlela 8 echwebeni zenzelwe ukukhulula supertankers nge displacement amathani ayinkulungwane 400.. Izenzakalo wemboni wokuxhumanisa ASKYA, okubandakanya 75 izinkampani shipbuilding kazwelonke, esewonke ukhiqiza cishe 80% azo zonke imikhumbi ivolumu ekhiqizwa e-Japan.

Kutfutfukiswa umkhakha Japanese kule ndawo waqala ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, lapho Baqala ukwenza uhlelo shipbuilding kuhlelwe ngo-1947. Ngokuhambisana ke inkampani etholakele uhulumeni ukubolekisa evumayo kakhulu ezixhaswe uhulumeni, okuyinto unyaka ngamunye, kanti ukwanda isabelomali kusukela ekhula.

Ngu 1972, 28-mina Isimiso sasihlanganisa (nge usizo lukahulumeni) ukwakhiwa lwemikhumbi, engamaphesenti 3304 ayizinkulungwane. GRT. Inkinga uwoyela kuye kwanciphisa Nokho, esikalini, wabeka hlelo ngemva kwempi wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo sokukhula ozinzile futhi ngempumelelo embonini.

Ekupheleni kuka-2011 incwadi ukuze Japanese kwaba izigidi ezingu-61 dwt. (Ayizigidi ezingu-36 e-GRT.). I share emakethe uye wahlala esigculisayo 17% deadweight, ne-oda ngobuningi kwakungekaNkulunkulu abathwali ngobuningi (imikhumbi ezikhethekile wezimpahla umkhumbi ngoba ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla anomusa anjengokuthi okusanhlamvu, usimende, amalahle ngobuningi) kanye ephansi - I-emathangini avuzayo.

Okwamanje, inombolo eyodwa ekwakhiweni imikhumbi emhlabeni, naphezu mncintiswano ezinkulu izinkampani isiKorea, namanje Japan. Lunye ka umkhakha nokusekela uhulumeni udale nohlaka esekela izinkampani ezinkulu ntanta ngisho kulesi simo.

yokusansimbi

Leli zwe linothile ngezinto ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke isu sokuthuthukiswa eyinkimbinkimbi Metallurgical, okuhloswe ngazo amandla kanye resource ukonga. izixazululo ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe uvumele amabhizinisi abangaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu aphansi amandla ukusetshenziswa, kanye emisha lusetjentiswe kuto ezingeni inkampani, futhi yonke umkhakha.

Metallurgy, kanye nezinye umkhakha lunye Industry of Japan, lithole ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo ngemva kwempi. Nokho, uma amanye amazwe ziye zafuna busha siphindze ubuyekeze yobuchwepheshe obukhona kakade banayo, uhulumeni kuleli zwe usephendukele enye indlela. Imizamo main (nemali) ayehloselwe umphelelisi ibhizinisi ubuchwepheshe eziphambili kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo we umkhakha bakwenza cishe amabili eminyaka futhi bafinyelela inani labamemezeli e-1973, lapho 17,27% wenani ukukhiqizwa steel emhlabeni wawa komunye Japan. Futhi ngokuya izinga ke ozibiza umholi. Sishukunyiswe ke, phakathi kokunye, ukungena izinto zokusetshenziswa Metallurgical. Ngemva kokushikashikeka unyaka wonke zilethwe amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-600 coke kwezigidi ezinhlanu kuya kwezingu-110 amathani imikhiqizo nsimbi.

Ngu 90s maphakathi nawo ', Chinese-Korean Izigayo steel ukuncintisana Japanese, kanye nezwe aqala ukuphelelwa isikhundla salo ehamba phambili. Ngo-2011, isimo iye yaqhubeka iwohloka ngenxa yenhlekelele yemvelo kanye inhlekelele ngesikhathi "Fukushima-1", kodwa ngokusho kombiko eseduze nokwehla Imininingwane e ngesilinganiso okukhipha ingeqi 2%.

Chemical futhi Petrochemical Imboni

Chemical umkhakha eJapane ngo 2012 kwaveza imikhiqizo at 40,14 isigidintathu yen. Izwe ingenye abaholi ezintathu umhlaba ngokuhlanganyela United States neChina, cishe izinkulungwane 5.5. Izinkampani ukuthi focus bese enikeza imisebenzi ayizinkulungwane 880. Man.

Ngaphakathi umkhakha yezwe yesibili ngobukhulu (share yayo - 14% wezindleko), owesibili ngobukhulu ngemva kwakhe isiqoqi sama-softwe. UHulumeni ekulikhanyiseni njengoba omunye izindawo ezibalulekile, benaka elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imvelo, emandla kanye nobuchwepheshe kwemtfombo kokulondoloza.

imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa zidayiswa eJapane ethengwe: 75% - e-Asia, mayelana 10.2% - e-EU, 9.8% - eNyakatho Melika, njll Isisekelo ukuthekelisa - iraba, Izimpahla enezithombe hydrocarbon elimnandi, organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili, njll

Izwe naseJapane uzongenisa imikhiqizo (ivolumu amazwe ngo-2012 zaba mayelana 6.1 isigidintathu yen), ikakhulukazi kusukela EU, Asia nase-USA.

Umholi Japan Imboni yamakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni izinto electronics umkhakha, ikakhulukazi, abangaba ngu-70% wemakethe jikelele imikhiqizo Semiconductor, futhi 65% - liquid crystal display, fanele izinkampani zwe eliyisiqhingi ukuba.

Ezimweni zanamuhla eziningi abayinakanga ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa carbon fibre esiyinhlanganisela zokwakha izimboni enuzi kanye zezindiza.

electronics

ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi kanye nezokuxhumana wemboni. Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe "esitimela main umkhakha" kukhona ngakuthathu isithombe transmission technology, amarobhothi, ama-fiber optic futhi wireless elilandelayo amanethiwekhi isizukulwane, amanethiwekhi ehlakaniphile, 'ngamafu. "

ingqalasizinda Scale qhebeza phezulu Japan, China ne-US kanye phakathi ezintathu phezulu. Ngo-2012, inani eliphelele labasebenzisi Inthanethi kuleli zwe safinyelela ku-80% abantu sebebonke. Amabutho kanye nezimali abelwe ukudalwa anamandla, ukuthuthukiswa kahle izinhlelo zokuphatha amandla nobuchwepheshe energy esisindisa.

energetics

Cishe ama-80% we yamandla adingekayo e-Japan kwadingeka ukuba kutholakale by the ukungeniswa. Ekuqaleni, le ndima ukuthi eyadlalwa fuel, ikakhulukazi uwoyela ezivela eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncika izimpahla Ezweni YeJapan uthathé eziningana esizithathayo, ikakhulukazi maqondana "athomu zokuthula '.

Izinhlelo zokucwaninga emkhakheni amandla enuzi, Japan waqala ngo-1954. Sekube imithetho eziningana nezinhlangano esungulwe yakhelwe ukufeza izinhloso zikahulumeni kule ndawo. I ophendulayo lokuqala commercial zenuzi ilandwe kusukela UK, waqala lo msebenzi walo ngo-1966.

Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa Tinsita yezwe akuthola baseMelika kanye nemidwebo kanye nezinkampani zendawo baye bakha kuzo izinto. inkampani Japanese Toshiba Co., Ltd., Hitachi Co., Ltd. nabanye baqala aklame futhi akhe sikhungo ukukhanya-amanzi ngokwabo.

Ngo-1975, ngenxa yezinkinga ngohlelo iziteshi ngcono etholakalayo wethulwa. Ngokuhambisana ke imboni yenuzi eJapane ngo-1985 kwadingeka ukuba zidlule izigaba ezintathu: ezimbili zokuqala lihilela ukushintsha isimo izakhiwo ezikhona ukuze senze ngcono ukusebenza kwabo kanye nokugcinwa, futhi eyesithathu liyadingeka ukwandisa umthamo kuze kube 1300-1400 MW futhi wenze izinguquko ezinkulu kulesi sikhungo.

inqubomgomo okunjalo kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngo-2011 eJapane kwadingeka 53 yokusebenza sikhungo, okunikeza ezingaphezu kuka-30% izidingo kagesi wezwe.

Emva "Fukushima"

Ngo-2011, imboni yezamandla iJapane sathola igalelo sina. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba eziqine emlandweni wezwe futhi eyalandela-tsunami ku esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi "Fukushima-1" le ngozi yenzeke. Ngemva ukuvuza iphutha ke izakhi ezinkulu enemisebe ingcoliswe 3% yezwe, inani labantu endaweni ezungeze esiteshini (mayelana 80 eziyinkulungwane. Pers.) Liba ku izifiki.

Lo mcimbi ophoqelelwe emazweni amaningi ukuba cabanga ngokuthi singakanani operation neyamukelekayo ephephile ye-athomu.

Ngaphakathi Japan, kwaba negagasi bekhalaza nge izimfuno ukulahla amandla enuzi. Ngowezi-2012, iningi iziteshi yezwe avalwa. sici Japan zezimboni eminyakeni yamuva angena umusho owodwa: "Leli zwe ukulwela ukuba babe" green "."

Manje empeleni akasazisebenzisi athomu, okunye kakhulu - igesi yemvelo. ukunakwa Kuningi futhi ekhokhelwe ophinde uvuseleleke: ilanga, amanzi nomoya.