Izindlela software ukuhlolwa eziqhathanisa. Ukuhlola indlela "black box" ukuhlolwa kanye indlela "ibhokisi mhlophe"

isofthiwe Testing (SW) ukuhlonza izikhala, ukushiyeka namaphutha ikhodi kudingeka zixazululwe. Ingase futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi inqubo yokuhlaziya ukusebenza kanye ngokunemba isofthiwe ngosizo ukuhlaziya. izindlela eziyisisekelo ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlolwa kwezicelo software ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ukuhlola esifakiwe, umklamo kanye esephepheni, ukuhlolwa nokwethenjelwa, ukuqinisekiswa kanye yokuqinisekisa.

izindlela

Injongo eyinhloko yokuhlola isofthiwe - isiqinisekiso izinga uhlelo isofthiwe ngokusebenzisa ehlelekile ukulungisa iphutha izicelo ngaphansi kwetimo ngokucophelela ukunquma ukuphelela kwabo kanye nokunemba, kanye ukuthola amaphutha kufihlwe.

Izindlela iqinisekiswa (testing) izinhlelo zingahlukaniswa zibe static kanye ashukumisayo.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa ngokwethukela, ukuqapha kanye nokubuyekeza lobuchwepheshe, ukuhlolwa, igxathu negxathu ukuhlaziywa, kuhlaziywe, kanye static idatha ukugeleza analysis and management.

amasu Dynamic yilezi:

1. White ibhokisi lokuhlola. Lena ukutadishwa logic yangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo hlelo. Kuyadingeka ukuba ulwazi ikhodi yomthombo.
2. Black ibhokisi lokuhlola. Le nqubo Akudingi ulwazi ngokusebenza kwangaphakathi isicelo. Sibheka kuphela izici eyisisekelo ohlelweni, akuhlobene noma ehambisana ezimbalwa isakhiwo layo langaphakathi okunengqondo.
3. Mpunga ibhokisi indlela. Sihlanganisa izindlela ezimbili eyedlule. Lokulungisa inkinga bengenalo ulwazi olwanele ukusebenza kwangaphakathi isicelo is kuhlangene ulwazi ezicini eyisisekelo ohlelweni.

ukuhlolwa esobala

Emhlophe ibhokisi indlela usebenzisa ukuhlolwa izikripthi ukulawula isakhiwo se-design zenqubo. Le nqubo ivumela ukumambula ukuqaliswa amaphutha, ezifana abampofu ikhodi management system ngokuhlaziya ingxenye ngemisebenzi kwangaphakathi kwe-software. Lezi izindlela test ziyasetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa, module uhlelo amazinga. I umhloli kumele ukufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo futhi ulisebenzise bafuna ukuthola ukuthi ibaphi iyunithi liziphatha ngendlela engafanelekile.

Ukuhlola izinhlelo nge white kwebhokisi has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• It ivumela ukuthola iphutha ofihlekile ngokususa imigqa engadingekile;
• ukusetshenziswa side-effects;
• Ukusabalala esiphezulu kufinyelelwa ngokubhala iskripthi test.

nemibi:

• inqubo ephezulu izindleko, ezidinga senkinga abanamakghono asisekelo;
• imikhakha eminingi ahlale nhlobo ngoba isheke obuphelele zonke iziphambeko ezifihliwe kungenzeka iyinkimbinkimbi;
• ezinye ikhodi ezizophasiswa engabonwa.

White ibhokisi ukuhlolwa ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuhlola ibhokisi esobala noma evulekile, sakhiwo, ukuhlolwa okunengqondo, esekelwe ikhodi yomthombo, kanye logic izakhiwo.

Izinhlobonhlobo esikhulu:

1) ukuhlola ukulawula ukugeleza - isu kwesakhiwo usebenzisa isilawuli Uhlelo ukugeleza imodeli futhi njengoba besekela ngezindlela eziningi ezilula ezimbalwa lelukhuni;

2) Igatsha yakhelwe ukufunda iphutha indlela ngayinye (iqiniso noma amanga) lokulawula opharetha ngamunye, okuyinto sihlanganisa isixazululo kuhlanganiswe;

3) ukuhlolwa indlela eyinhloko, elivumela umhloli ukusungula eyinkimbinkimbi okunengqondo isilinganiso iphrojekthi yenqubo ekulo ngoba ukuzehlukanisa isethi base ngokubulawa izindlela;

4) kokuhlola ukusakaza idatha - ukugeleza ukulawula isu yocwaningo by amazwana ukubala ulwazi ngesikhangiso futhi usebenzise eziguquguqukayo uhlelo;

5) nowe yokuvivinywa - ugxile ngokugcwele ukusebenza efanele izinqubo eyindilinga.

ukulungisa iphutha kokuziphatha

Black ibhokisi ukuhlolwa ephatha isofthiwe njengendlela "ibhokisi elimnyama" - ulwazi mayelana nokusebenza kwangaphakathi kohlelo lwe akubalwa, futhi ihlolwe kuphela izici eyisisekelo ohlelweni. Kulokhu, lo umhloli idinga ukwazi izakhiwo uhlelo ngaphandle ukufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo.

Izinzuzo le ndlela:

• ukusebenza kahle ukuze uthole ikhodi enkulu ingxenye;
• adambise okuqonda umhloli;
• ngombono umsebenzisi ngokucacile ehlukanisiwe imibono kunjiniyela (uMklami futhi umhloli bazimele abekho nomunye);
• ngokwengeziwe ngendalo okusheshayo ukuhlolwa.

isofthiwe Testing black box ndlela has bokwenza lokhu okulandelayo:

• ngempela kunabantu abaningi akhethiwe okokuhlola, okuholela Ukusabalala elinganiselwe;
• yokuntuleka ukuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa izikripthi isimiso ecacile nzima;
• kahle ongaphakeme.

Amanye amagama kulolu ubuchwepheshe - zokuziphatha, non-okusobala, ukuhlolwa obusebenzayo futhi ilungise inkinga indlela ibhokisi avaliwe.

Lesi sigaba kungafaka amasu isofthiwe ukuhlolwa ezilandelayo:

1) okulingana ukwahlukanisa, okuyinto kunganciphisa iqoqo idatha test njengoba ngobugebengu idatha isofthiwe yokufaka mojuli phansi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene;

2) umngcele ukubaluleka ukuhlaziywa ligxile ukuqinisekiswa imingcele noma weqise umkhawulo Amanani - esiphansi, esiphezulu, kanye namanani ejwayelekile yephutha;

3) fuzzing - esetshenziswa ukusebenzisa osesho ufaka amaphutha noma lonakele idatha poluiskazhennyh kwimodi okuzenzakalelayo noma semi-automatic;

4) okuzama causality - inqubo esekelwe indalo of emagrafu kanye ekutholeni ubuhlobo obuphakathi isinyathelo nezizathu zalo: ungubani, kuphika, okunengqondo NOMA futhi okunengqondo KANYE - izinhlamvu ezine eziyinhloko, ezwakalisa ukuhlobana kwembangela nomphumela;

5) Ukuqinisekisa afanayo orthogonal isicelo yezinkinga ndawo incane uma kuqhathaniswa okokufaka kokweqa kungenzeka ucwaningo oluphelele;

6) ukuhlola bonke ngazimbili - inqubo lapho sesethi yamanani test yakhiwa zonke inhlanganisela kunokwenzeka kanambambili of pair of nemingcele input ngamunye;

7) Isimo ukulungisa iphutha ushintsho - inqubo wusizo ekuhloleni isimo umshini, kanye ukuze uzule GUI umsebenzisi.

Black ibhokisi nokuhlola: Izibonelo

black-ibhokisi inqubo kusekelwe ezibekiweko, imibhalo, futhi izincazelo esibonakalayo isofthiwe noma uhlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasebenzisa onobuhle (lohlelekile nobe longakahleleki), emele ukuziphatha olulindelekile kwe-software.

Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa le ndlela ngoba iphutha interface yomsebenzisi futhi kudinga ukuxhumana nesicelo ngokwethula iqoqo idatha kanye nemiphumela - kusuka esikrinini, kusukela imibiko noma ephepheni.

I umhloli, ngakho-ke, baxhumana software ufaka, ngokwenza ukushintshwa, izinkinobho noma enye interface. Kukhethwa idatha okufakwayo, oda abaphathi noma ukulandelana yezenzo kungaholela lenqwaba ingqikithi inhlanganisela, njengoba kuboniswa yilesi sibonelo esilandelayo.

Bangaki ukuhlolwa kudingeka wenze ukuze uhlole konke amagugu kungenzeka 4 amafasitela ifulege futhi eyodwa-off ensimini, setha isikhathi ngemizuzwana? Ekuqaleni emehlweni ukubala ilula: 4 izinkambu uthi ezimbili kungenzeka - 24 = 16, okumele siphindwe ngesibalo izikhundla kungenzeka kusukela 00 kuya 99, isb 1600 novivinyo.

Nokho, lokhu ukubala akulungile: singakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ezimbili-iphuzu ensimini Ungase futhi aqukethe isikhala, ie siqukethe izikhundla ezimbili nezinombolo futhi singafaka nezinhlamvu zamagama nezinombolo, izinhlamvu ezikhethekile, izikhala, njll Ngakho, uma .... uhlelo ikhompyutha-16-bit, ujike 216 = 65536 omunye isikhundla ngamunye amacala nomphumela 4294967296 ukuhlolwa okufanele iphindwe 16 inhlanganisela amafulegi enikeza ingqikithi 68.719.476 736. Uma abasenzela kweyoku-1 test ngomzuzwana, Qhubeka Imininingwane ukuhlolwa olzhitelnost uneminyaka engu 2 177.5. Ukuze 32 noma-64-bit izinhlelo, isikhathi nakakhulu.

Ngakho-ke kunesidingo ukunciphisa lesi sikhathi ezingeni elemukelekile. Ngakho, kufanele amathekhiniki isetshenziswa ukunciphisa inani okokuhlola ngaphandle ekunciphiseni kwenkululeko sokuhlola.

kulingana emiholweni partitioning

Ukwahlukanisa okulingana indlela elula ligcwaliswa nganoma yisiphi lokwehlukile zikhona isofthiwe, kungakhathaliseki input noma okukhipha amagugu, ngezimpawu, ezinombolo, kanye nabanye. Kusekelwe isimiso esithi yonke imininingwane kusuka komunye okulingana ukwahlukanisa kuzothathwa ngendlela efanayo nangesandla imiyalelo efanayo.

Phakathi ukuhlolwa, kukhethwe oyedwa omele ngayinye ethile kwefrakshini ukwahlukanisa. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ehlelekile ukunciphisa inani okokuhlola kungenzeka ngaphandle kokulahleka cula imiyalo nemisebenzi.

Omunye umphumela lokhu partitioning ukunciphisa ukuqhuma combinatorial phakathi eziguquguqukayo ezahlukene kanye nokwehla ezihambisana of okokuhlola.

Ngokwesibonelo, e (1 / x) ^1/2 usebenzisa ukulandelanisa idatha ezintathu, abathathu ukwahlukanisa okulingana:

1. izinombolo Zonke omuhle kuzothathwa ngendlela efanayo futhi kufanele anike imiphumela lesifanele.

2. izinombolo Zonke ezimbi zenziwa ngendlela efanayo ne umphumela ofanayo. Lokhu ayilungile, ngoba impande inombolo engenhle kuyinto engokomfanekiso.

3. Zero izophathwa eceleni futhi unike iphutha "ukuhlukanisa ngo-zero". Lena nesigaba ngenani elilodwa.

Ngakho, sibona izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, enye yazo kuyehla kube inani elilodwa. Kukhona eyodwa esigabeni "efanele", onikeza imiphumela ezinokwethenjelwa, futhi ezimbili "okungalungile" imiphumela azilungile.

umngcele ukubaluleka ukuhlaziywa

Icubungula ku kwemingcele partitioning okulingana kungenziwa ngendlela ehlukile kunokulindelekile. Ukuphenywa umkhawulo Amanani - indlela owaziwa ehlaziya ukuziphatha kwe-software ezindaweni ezifana. Le nqubo yenza kube lula ukubona amaphutha ezifana:

• ukusetshenziswa okungafanele opharetha zingubudlelwane (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤);
• Iphutha olulodwa;
• izinkinga ngemijikelezo futhi okushiwoyo,
• izinhlobo engalungile noma usayizi lokwehlukile esetshenziselwa ukugcina ukwaziswa;
• ukulinganiselwa yokufakelwa elihlobene ne idatha izinhlobo kanye eziguquguqukayo.

ukuhlolwa angenisa

grey ibhokisi indlela kwandisa Ukusabalala test, ungakwazi ukugxila wonke amazinga nzima kohlelo ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela amasu omnyama nomhlophe.

Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le, le umhloli sokuthuthukiswa amagugu ukuhlolwa kufanele babe nolwazi yangaphakathi izakhiwo idatha kanye ubuchule obuphezulu. Izibonelo zezindlela grey-ibhokisi ukuhlolwa zimi kanje:

• imodeli yezakhiwo;
• Unified Modeling Ulimi (UML);
• imodeli isimo (sikhatsi lesichubekako isimo umshini).

Esikhathini indlela kubhokisi elimpunga ukuthuthukisa okokuhlola wafunda amamojuli e amakhodi ezimhlophe ubunjiniyela, futhi ukuhlolwa langempela wenziwa phezu interface izinhlelo black ubuchwepheshe.

Lezi izindlela ukuhlola kufanele izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• inhlanganisela izinzuzo amabhokisi uchwepheshe abamhlophe nabansundu;
• Tester kusekelwe esibonakalayo futhi esifakiwe ukusebenza, futhi yini ikhodi yomthombo;
• senkinga ungenza amacala nokuvivinywa okukhulu;
• isheke Yenziwe umbono umsebenzisi, hhayi umklami kohlelo;
• ukudala ukuthuthukiswa test ngokwezifiso;
• umnqopho.

nemibi:

• ukuhlolwa Ukusabalala kukhawulwe ngoba akukho ukufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo;
• yinkimbinkimbi yokulimala izicelo basakaza;
• ngezindlela eziningi ukuhlala nhlobo;
• uma unjiniyela isofthiwe usethule isivivinyo ke kuphenyisiswe kungenzeka ngokweqile.

Enye igama ebhokisini amasu grey - ukulungisa iphutha ayevumela.

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa zindlela zokuhlola:

1) Amalungu afanayo orthogonal - ukusetshenziswa isethi engezansi zonke inhlanganisela kunokwenzeka;

2) i-matrix ilungise inkinga usebenzisa isimo idatha yohlelo;

3) Ukuhlolwa kwamaciko olwenziwe izinguquko ezintsha ukuze isofthiwe;

4) test isifanekiso ukuthi ihlaziya ukuklanywa sesakhiwo isicelo ezinhle.

Ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokuhlola isofthiwe

Ukusetshenziswa izindlela ashukumisayo kuholela ukuqhuma combinatorial isibalo novivinyo Kudingeka sihlakulele, ukusebenza futhi kwenziwe. Njalo inqubo kumele kusetshenziswe pragmatically, ukuthatha ulinganiselwe ku-akhawunti.

Okuwukuphela indlela yeqiniso alikho, kukhona kuphela labo ezisilungele kangcono umongo ethize. ubunjiniyela kwesakhiwo asivumela ukuthola ikhodi engenamsebenzi noma ngamabomu, kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi awusebenzi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu. Izindlela esekelwe Ukucaciswa - yibo kuphela ukuthi bayakwazi ukubona ikhodi ulahlekile, kodwa azikwazi ukubona ukhishwa inyumbazane. Ezinye izinqubo kukhona ekahle ethile ukuhlolwa ezingeni, iphutha uhlobo noma umongo kunabanye.

Ngezansi kukhona umehluko oyinhloko phakathi amasu amathathu ashukumisayo ukuhlolwa - kunikezwa itafula ukuqhathanisa phakathi amafomu ezintathu iphutha isofthiwe.

isici	I black box indlela	Mpunga ibhokisi indlela	White-ibhokisi indlela
Ukutholakala kolwazi ukubunjwa uhlelo	Uhlola kuphela izici eziyisisekelo	ulwazi olungaphelele mayelana Sakhiwo sangekhatsi uhlelo	ukufinyelela okugcwele ikhodi yomthombo
Degree nokwehlukaniswa uhlelo	ongaphakeme	Central	okusezingeni eliphezulu
Bani khiqiza ukulungisa iphutha?	Qeda abasebenzisi, abahloli kanye nabasunguli	Qeda wabasebenzisi, abathuthukisi kanye debuggers	Onjiniyela kanye abahloli
isizinda	Ukuhlola isekelwe izimo eziphuthumayo zangaphandle.	Imidwebo egciniwe, idatha umdwebo wezinombolo, isimo ulwazi yangaphakathi ye-algorithm kanye izakhiwo	Idivayisi yangaphakathi is fully aware
I degree of Ukusabalala	Ngaphansi oluphelele futhi kudingeka okungenani ube nesikhathi	Central	Izindawo ezingaba kakhulu olunzulu. Isikhathi esiningi
Idatha kanye nemingcele yangaphakathi	Lokususa iphutha kuphela ngokwenza amaphutha	Can ihlolwe ezizindeni idatha kanye nemingcele yangaphakathi, uma baziwa	The best test idatha izizinda futhi imingcele yangaphakathi
Ukufaneleka ukuhlolwa algorithm	Ayikho	Ayikho	Yebo

ezishintshayo

izindlela Automatic ukuhlolwa software okuningi lula inqubo Ukuhlolwa, kungakhathaliseki imvelo lobuchwepheshe kanye umongo. Zisetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbili:

1) ukuze ukushintsha imisebenzi oyisicefe aphindaphindiwe noma ecophelelayo ezifana ukuqhathanisa ifayela imigqa ayizinkulungwane eziningana ukuze ukukhulula isikhathi lokuhlushwa umhloli amaphuzu ezibaluleke kakhudlwana;

2) I-kokwenza kokulandela noma imisebenzi angeke kalula eyenziwa abantu ezifana yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza noma ukuhlaziywa impendulo isikhathi okungatholakala kulinganiswa in hundredths of a lesibili.

amathuluzi Test kungenziwa labizwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lesi sigaba esilandelayo kusekelwe imisebenzi basekela:

• ukuhlolwa ukuphathwa, okubandakanya iphrojekthi ukuphathwa nokwesekwa, izinguqulo, ukucupha, ukuhlaziya ingozi, ukuhlolwa kokulandela, amaphutha, ukukhubazeka, kanye amathuluzi okubika;
• Izidingo zokuphathwa, okubandakanya izidingo isitoreji kanye Ukucaciswa, hlola kubo for ukuphelela futhi ambiguity bo kambaphambili kanye traceability of test ngasinye;
• Ukubuyekeza ezibucayi kanye nokuhlaziywa static, kuhlanganise ukugeleza zokuqapha, kanye nemisebenzi, okuqoshiwe kanye yokugcina imibono, isici bangabonwa futhi kuhlelwe izilungiso ukuphathwa izixhumanisi tinhla tekutikhumbuta kanye nemithetho, ethungatha imibhalo yokuxhumana umthombo nekhodi ukuhlaziywa static ukuthola ukukhubazeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana namazinga ikhodi lokubhala, ukuhlaziya izakhiwo kanye ukuncika, ukubala nemingcele imethrikhi ikhodi yokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa compilers, analyzers, ugesi kanye ubudlelwano of izikhombo;
• yokumodela, okubandakanya namathuluzi ukumodeliswa ibhizinisi ukuziphatha futhi avivinye onobuhle;
• ukuthuthukiswa test kuqinisekisa isizukulwane idatha kulindeleke ngesisekelo imibandela kanye interface yomsebenzisi amamodeli ikhodi, uphathe ukudala noma ukuguqula amafayela yolwazi, imiyalezo, kwedatha ngesisekelo imithetho ukuphathwa, ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo kwemininingwane izimo nezingozi;
• umbono ezibucayi ngokufaka idatha ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza,-API, umugqa wemiyalo usebenzisa comparators ukusiza ukukhomba ukuhlolwa yimpumelelo futhi akuphumelelanga;
• ukwesekwa ukulungisa iphutha imvelo evumela ukuthi wena esikhundleni hardware ziyashoda noma isofthiwe, e Umq. h. imishini Awokuzenzisa esekelwe uzimisele okukhipha isethi engezansi, emulators esibulalayo, omakhalekhukhwini kanye nemishini inethiwekhi, imvelo sokuhlola izilimi, wokusebenza kanye hardware ngokufaka esikhundleni umshayeli izingxenye olahlekile, ngamanga amamojuli, njll, kanye namathuluzi ukuze akhombise nokushintsha OS ucela CPU sekulingisa komkhawulo, RAM, ROM, noma inethiwekhi .;
• .. Ukuqhathanisa amafayela idatha, yolwazi, hlola imiphumela kulindeleke ngesikhathi nangemuva kokuhlolwa kuqedile, kuhl ashukumisayo futhi batch ukuqhathanisa, okuzenzakalelayo "amazwi";
• lokunameka nesilinganiso for kwasendaweni memory uyavuza futhi ayilungile kophiko lwayo ukuziphatha uhlelo kucatshangwa ngaphansi komthwalo Generating umthwalo izicelo eyenziwe, yolwazi, amanethiwekhi noma amaseva e lwesigameko namaqiniso sokukhula nesilinganiso, ukuhlaziywa kanye ukuqinisekisa system imithombo umbiko;
• nokuvikeleka;
• ukusebenza ukuhlolwa, umthwalo kanye nokuhlaziywa ashukumisayo;
• namanye amathuluzi, e Umq. h. ukuhlola isipelingi miyalelo, ukuphepha inethiwekhi, ukutholakala kuwo wonke amakhasi iwebhusayithi kanye nokunye.

ngombono

Nge izitayela zishintsha umkhakha isofthiwe, inqubo ukulungisa iphutha futhi ingase ishintshe. Zikhona izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola i-software, ezifana izakhiwo inkonzo-orientirovannae (SOA), ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya be-, amasevisi mobile, nokunye. E., Ingabe kwavulela izindlela ezintsha software ukuhlolwa. Ezinye izinguquko ukuthi kulindeleke embonini eminyakeni embalwa ezayo tibalwe lapha ngentasi:

• abahloli izonikeza imodeli engasindi onjiniyela uzokwazi ukuhlola ikhodi yakho;
• ukuthuthukiswa zezindlela zokuhlola, kuhlanganise wokubuka nokuphila ngendlela aphila izinhlelo ngendlela efanele usaqala, uyoqeda eziningi kuwukuphikisana;
• khona Interceptions amaningi ukuhlolwa ngeke unciphise nangesikhathi sesiphambeko ukuthola;
• analyzer Static futhi ukuthola kusho ukuba kabanzi esetshenziswa;
• ukusetshenziswa matrices amaminerali, ezifana Ukusabalala of the sebhithi, kwenkululeko imodeli nekhodi Ukusabalala ziyonquma ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi;
• amathuluzi combinatorial uvumele abahloli ukunquma Ezinye zezindawo ezibekwe eqhulwini iziphazamiso;
• abahloli izonikeza amasevisi enembile futhi esiyigugu kuyo yonke inqubo ukuthuthukiswa software;
• debuggers ungakha amathuluzi nezindlela zokuhlola isofthiwe abhalwe nokusebenzisana ezihlukahlukene ngezilimi izinhlelo;
• Lokulungisa inkinga ochwepheshe uzobe ngaphezulu efanele abaqeqeshiwe.

Sizobuyiselwange izindlela ezintsha ibhizinisi ngamakhasimende isofthiwe yokuhlola, ukushintsha indlela ukuxhumana ne izinhlelo kanye nolwazi ukunikeza ngenkathi ekunciphiseni izingozi nokukhuphula izinzuzo izinguquko ibhizinisi.