Izimpawu ndawonye amakhowe izilwane. Izinto for nesifundo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi eside, ososayensi zithi isikhunta ukuze izitshalo. Nokho, imizamo ziyabahlukanisa ezitshalweni zohlobo engezansi flora eziye zashiwo Carl Onomusa, ngubani eseveza ukungaqiniseki ngokuthi lokhu ngezigaba e "System of Nature" yakhe, sokunaka izimpawu, ndawonye amakhowe izilwane. Kodwa kuphela 70-80s kwekhulu elidlule, yilesi sigaba ekugcineni okwenzekile. Lezi zilwane zasemanzini imvelo ngenxa isimo sawo futhi izici izimpawu ndawonye amakhowe nge izilwane kanye nezitshalo ngesikhathi esifanayo (ukukhuluma cishe, bobabili). Ake ucabangele ezinye zazo.

Ukufana nge izitshalo

Kungani ososayensi eside kangaka ukwelapha la magciwane ukuze izitshalo, ngoba kukhona izimpawu ecacile ndawonye amakhowe ngani ezilwaneni? Futhi kwenzeka ngoba babe izakhiwo eqondile evumela ukuba uzise umbuso isitshalo :

• Ababona, isibonelo, awukwazi ukususa ngokuzimela, cishe yonke abameleli jikelele silwane. Nakuba akamuhle (i-mycelium komhlaba, esakaza, ukuthola isikhala esisha substrate, kodwa lokhu ukunyakaza akunakubangelwa ukukhula njalo).
• Phela, amakhowe, kanye izitshalo zikhule kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ngokungafani nezilwane, ezimila ube usayizi othile futhi ayeke ezikhulayo. Ngakho ukuthi Ukufana kwesimo nalokho okukhulunywa isikhunta nezilwane etholakalayo.
• isikhunta Abaningi ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu. Shlyapochnye, isibonelo, ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza kufika ku amashumi amaningana of izigidigidi impikiswano ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe. Nokho, lezi zimpikiswano anesizotha abulawe. Kodwa uma uwa endaweni evumayo, ukukhiqizwa wenziwa. Futhi ukuza izitshalo spore. Futhi amakhowe siyakwazi nokuzala sokuhlukanisa mycelium, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ngaphezulu amaseli ayo. Lokhu kwanele ukuqala ukuthuthukisa mycelium entsha, bayakwazi ukuphila nemigwamanda izithelo ezintsha, izingxabano, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela.
• Yidla amakhowe ngokuyinhloko ukumuncwa. Futhi fikisa them closer izitshalo.

Ukuhluka umsuka isikhunta izitshalo

Kodwa ososayensi baye Okwamanje yembula iqiniso ukuthi isikhunta izitshalo angasuselwa amagatsha ahlukene yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - iqembu endala eziphilayo ezincane ezingabonakali wahlala kanye izilwandle. Ngakho-ke, aziyi ezahlukene kanye evolutionarily kanye zofuzo.

Ezingeni yeselula

Plant amaseli, izilwane kanye isikhunta zihlukile isakhiwo. Ngo isikhunta akukho ikhono photosynthesize, abanakho chlorophyll kumaseli njengoba ezitshalweni. Kodwa njengengxenye amaseli wabo chitin samanje, okuyinto sici kwabamele izilwane ezithile (isib eyisinambuzane, lapho - okuyisici esibalulekile ngokudala igobolondo noma skeleton zangaphandle). Yiqiniso, kuletha amakhowe nezilwane.

umzimba

Amakhowe onekhono, njengezilwane, esitolo glycogen (carbohydrate). Bangaphinde ukuhoxisa imikhiqizo yabo ekupheleni lokugayeka kokudla emzimbeni. Kwenza kubo ibukeke nezilwane.

ukuthengisela Izindlela

Amakhowe musa synthesize udaba eziphilayo. Lezi heterotrophs, okungukuthi ukuba kubaqede ngesimo kakade walungisa, kunalokho, ukuze sisebenzisa compounds wezinto usebenzisa enzyme ukuthi bangase ukukhiqiza (isikhunta saprophytic). Lokhu futhi zibonisa izimpawu ndawonye amakhowe izilwane ukudla ukudla okukhiqizwe ngendlela engokwemvelo. Fungus eziphila ukuphila ngezithukuthuku Ukubambisana eduze ne Derevyeva (ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba nzima ukuthola ngubani ongubani Maze of mycelium futhi izimpande ezincane izinwele).

Kukhona isikhunta parasitize nezinye izinto eziphilayo - izitshalo nezilwane abazondla ngenxa yabo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi aze abulala eseduze kwayo. Kulokhu, ukhunta (isibonelo, Tinder) uyisikhathi eside ukuphila nokuthi umuthi efile, ukwandisa izicubu zawo eziphilayo ukuzisebenzisa ukuze zithole ukudla. Kukhona ngisho amakhowe eziyingozi. Zidla on izilwane: amoeba futhi nematodes, uziqopha nge ingcina ebusweni ku hyphae yayo. Isici isikhunta ukuthi inqubo umzimba baye bakhiqiza urea, njengoba izilwane eziningi.

Imiphumela

Efingqa, singasho ukuthi isikhunta - ikakhulukazi endaweni yemvelo, ehlanganisa i isibalo esingapheliyo zinhlobo: kusukela blewits elikhulu isikhunta encane kunazo zonke futhi nembiliso, awabonakali hhayi ahlomile isibonakhulu umbono njalo. Bonke - inzalo ka nezilwanyana ezincane eukaryotic lasendulo ophilayo esithile ezindaweni zasemanzini izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule.

Ezinye izakhiwo ube isikhunta ezivamile nge izitshalo (langempela futhi ayethanda ukucabanga izazi eziningi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili). Lokhu kuhluleka ambulation, nokukhula kukho konke ukuphila, futhi amandla ukuncela. A izilwane zasendle nabo kuletha umsoco heterotrophic, kanye khona chitin kuseli yabo ulwelwesi, ikhono ukugcina ama-carbohydrate, urea kwetinhlavu kanye nokuqedwa yayo inqubo umzimba. Konke lokhu kwenza amakhowe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngendlela efanayo futhi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.