Izakhiwo zezikhumbuzo zaseMoscow: zanamuhla nezomlando

Idolobha laseMoscow liyabonakala hhayi nje ngoba liyinhloko yezwe lethu laseMotherland. Liye lagcina izikhumbuzo eziningi zamagugu amasiko wezwe. Kusukela ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, izakhiwo zaseMoscow ziye zaba umkhulumeli wesiko lonke. I-Architecture ibhekwa ngokuthi "unina wobuciko bonke", njengoba ingabonakali kuphela izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwayo, kodwa futhi isisekelo sokulondolozwa kwamafrescoes, imidwebo, imidwebo nemidwebo. Izakhiwo zezikhumbuzo zaseMoscow zithatha izici eziningi zakhiwo zokwaseRussia zasendulo kanye nobuciko bezakhiwo zokwakha zangaphandle. Okudumile kunazo zonke kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba ziyizinto zomlando kanye nomphumela wokuklama kwabadwebi abakhulu. Izikhumbuzo zomhlaba zomhlaba zikhombisa ukuvezwa kokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko emazweni ahlukahlukene kanye nemicimbi emikhulu yomlando. Ngakho-ke, zivikelwe futhi zibuyiselwe ukuze zilondolozwe ifa eliyingqayizivele ngezizukulwane ezizayo.

Izikhumbuzo zomakhiwo zaseMoscow

Uhlu lwamagugu amasiko amasiko agcinwe enhlokodolobha lukhulu kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi bacebile emgodini womlando wedolobha, kodwa iningi lamakhosi nezikhungo zepaki, izindlu zezindela kanye nezitaladi ezisezindaweni ezihlukene zaseMoscow nazo zibukeka. Yiziphi izinto ezingahlotshaniswa nezikhumbuzo zokwakha:

- Izakhiwo ezihlukene nezakhiwo, into ephawulekayo. Isibonelo, indlu ka-Arseniy Morozov, indlu kaPaskov, i-Bolshoi Theater noma isakhiwo seDolobha.

- Isigodlo kanye nezindawo zokupaka kanye nezakhiwo zezakhiwo, njengezindawo "Kuskovo", i-Kremlin e-Izmailovo, i-Poklonnaya Hill noma i-park "Tsaritsyno".

- Izikhungo zomlando zomuzi. Enhloko-dolobha, lena yiqembu elidumile emhlabeni wonke waseMoscow Kremlin.

- Izikwele, izindlu kanye nezitaladi. Leli yiKhadi Elibomvu Neligijimi, I-Arbat ne-Garden Ring, i-Vorobyovy Gory noChistoprudny Boulevard.

- Amasonto amathempeli namathempeli, aseMoscow asebaningi. Okudumile kunazo zonke yiCathhedral yaseSt. Basil i-Blessed, iCathhedral kaKristu uMsindisi kanye ne-Novodevichy Convent.

- Izinto zokwakha ezinezibalo zomphakathi, izimboni noma ezempi, isibonelo, i- Ostankino TV Tower, i- Moscow Metro, i-VDNH, noma isakhiwo se-GUM.

Izici zokuthuthukiswa kweMoscow

Isakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke yedolobha - i-Moscow Kremlin - lafakwa ekhulwini le-12 e-Borovitsky Hill, emlonyeni woMfula iNeglinnaya. Ngakho-ke ukuma kwayo kubhekene nokuphindaphindiwe kwezinkulumo zalesi siqephu. Isimo esibuhlungu ngaleso sikhathi sasidinga ukwakhiwa kwezindonga eziphakeme nezindonga. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwensimu yomuzi, kwakhiwa ama-fortifications amasha. Ngakho kwakukhona izikhumbuzo ezinjalo zokwakhiwa kweMoscow njengodonga lwaseKitaigorodskaya, futhi endaweni yesakhiwo sezinye izindonga zavela eBellard and Garden ring. Kuze kube yikhulu le-18 lemikhulu yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zaziyizinkuni, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka edlule cishe zonke zafakwa esikhundleni samatshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa kokuthuthukiswa komuzi kwakuyizindlela zomgwaqo ezihamba phambili. Ukubonakala kwenhloko-dolobha kushintshwe ngokufika kwamandla aseSoviet. Amalungiselelo omsebenzi wesimanje wedolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu yabanxusa ukubhujiswa kwezikhumbuzo eziningi zokwakha. Ezinye zazo kuphela zibuyiselwe emuva. Kwakhiwa izakhiwo eziningi eziphakeme, futhi kwakhiwa izakhiwo zanamuhla ezizimele.

Izitayela ezakhiweni zasendulo zaseMoscow

1. Izakhiwo zezinkuni.

Zonke izakhiwo emakhulwini okuqala edolobheni zenziwe ngezigodo. Okudumile kunazo zonke kwakuyibandla likaSt. Nicholas, ithempeli likaDaniel Stylites noMoscow Kremlin ngokwalo. Kodwa akuyona isakhiwo esisodwa sasendulo sokhuni edolobheni esasinda.

2. Izakhiwo zamatshe ezangekhulu le-14 nele-18.

Isakhiwo sokuqala samatshe kwakuyi-Assumption Cathedral engxenyeni ye-Kremlin, engasinda nanamuhla. Phakathi nokubusa kuka-Ivan Kalita baqala ukwakha kabusha izindonga zeKremlin. Futhi ngekhulu le-16 inhlangano eyinhloko yokwakhiwa yaseMoscow ithola ukubukeka okwakusesimweni samanje: izindonga zamatshe amhlophe, i-Annunciation kanye namasonto aseMnginkulu, kanye neConeted Chamber.

3. Classicism ekwakhiweni Moscow 18-19 leminyaka.

Ngemuva komlilo, izakhiwo eziningi zomuzi zavuselelwa kabusha. Bamba iqhaza kulezi zakhi eziningi zase-Italy, ekwakhiweni kwaqalwa yi-classicism. Izakhiwo ezidume kakhulu zokwakha zomuzi waseMoscow ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiPaskov House, i-Ostankino Manor nesakhiwo saseBolshoi Theatre.

Izitayela zaseMoscow izakhiwo zekhulu lama-19-20

1. I-Moscow yesimanje. Izakhiwo ezikulesi sitayela zaqala ukudala kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Lezi zihlanganisa indlu kaMedyntsev, i-Pavlovs estate, isiteshi sesitimela saseYaroslavsky, ihhotela laseMetropol kanye nabanye abaningi.

2. Ukwakhiwa kweMoscow eminyakeni yamandla aseSoviet kwakumangalisayo emkhakheni wayo. Izindawo ezintsha zakhula ngejubane elikhulu. Izakhiwo ezidume kakhulu zaleso sikhathi ziyisikhombisa ezakhiweni eziphakemeyo zaseStalin.

3. Izakhiwo zanamuhla zaseMoscow zimelelwe izakhiwo zehhovisi, izikhungo zamabhizinisi nezamasiko ezakhiwe ngesitayela semvelo kanye ne-eclecticism. Lokhu, isibonelo, isikhungo sezitolo "Nautilus" noma yokudlela "White Swan".

Izikhumbuzo zasendulo ezakhiwa eMoscow

1. I-Kremlin yinto eyaziwa kakhulu futhi yasendulo yamagugu amasiko enhloko-dolobha. Wathola okuningi, wabona ukuchuma nokuncipha, ukuvuselelwa kanye nezimpi. Engxenyeni yayo kunezindawo eziningi zokwakhiwa kwamasonto kanye nezakhiwo ezakhiwa izikhumbuzo zokwakha: i-Assumption Cathedral, ukwakha i-Arsenal neSenate, i- Diamond Fund, i- Ivan i-Great Belltower kanye nodumo oludumile lwe-Spassky elinama-chimes. Le nhlangano iyingxenye yezindawo zeGugu Lomhlaba futhi kukhulunywa kunoma imuphi umthombo lapho kubonakala khona izikhumbuzo zomhlaba wonke.

2. I-Gostiny Dvor nayo yasungulwa ngekhulu le-15 futhi yakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningi. Manje akubukeki njengesikhumbuzo sezakhiwo, kodwa sisengumlando ovelele waseMoscow.

3. I-Red Square emhlabeni wonke uphawu lweRussia. Le nhlanganisela yezakhiwo yindawo evakashelwa kakhulu eMoscow. Kusukela ezakhiweni zasendulo ezisekhona iKazzan naseKokrovsky amakhrededari ayaziwa, kanye namaGree Resurrection.

Amasonto amadume kakhulu namasonto aseMoscow

Yonke impilo yamasiko nokuphila kwezwe ixhunywe nenhloko. Amakhompeli amaningi namathempeli ayaziwa kulo lonke elaseRussia, amanye awo agcinwe kusukela emakhulwini okuqala edolobha. Singasho ukuthi lezi yizikhumbuzo zomakhiwo waseRussia, othandekayo enhliziyweni yabo bonke abahlala ezweni. Ngumuphi phakathi kwabo odume kakhulu?

- Indlu yezindela zaseNovevicvic, okuyinto, ngaphezu kokusebenza, inesimo se-State Historical Museum.

- I-Donskoy Monastery - ephawulekayo ngamasonto ayo amaningi amahle nemibhoshongo emihle.

- Indlu yezindela zaseDanilov ingomunye wabakhulu kunabo bonke eMoscow kuphela, kodwa naseRussia.

- Isonto elihle kakhulu likaGregory Neoecasary elinombhoshongo ogqamile we-orange ne- inserted tiled.

- I-Cathedral kaKristu uMsindisi - idume ngokubuyiselwa ema-90s ekhulu lama-20 ngemva kokubhujiswa okuphelele.

- Cathedral yaseSt. Basil - enye yezinto ezidume kakhulu eMoscow. Lona ligama leCreathedral yokuPhenduka, eliseRed Square. Ngendlu yayo enombala ekhanyayo nefenisha ecebile, iheha izivakashi eziningi.

Izikhumbuzo zokwakha zonakaliswa ezikhathini zaseSoviet

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwedolobha nokwandiswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu yama-30-70s ekhulwini lama-20 kwaholela ekubeni izikhumbuzo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zezwe ezibalulekile zabhujiswa. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izakhiwo ezidumile ezifana ne-Passion Monastery, iSonto Lase-Assumption kwi-Pokrovka ne-Armory Chamber. Ithempeli likaKristu uMsindisi laphunyuka, okwakuthi ngemva kwalokho libuyiselwe. Kodwa izakhiwo eziningi eziyingqayizivele zalahleka, isibonelo, indlu yombongi u Khomyakov noma indlu kaLolukhins. Isizinda somlando senhloko-dolobha sishintshile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo eziningi ziye zadilizwa eManezhna Street naseBolshaya Yakimanka.

Yini ephawulekayo ngeMoscow yanamuhla

Abantu abaningi babiza ukuthi isakhiwo samanje somuzi asinakwenzeka. Kodwa kanye nezakhiwo ezingenasici eziphakemeyo ungathola izakhiwo zangempela:

- indlu ezithakazelisayo- "iqanda" eMashkova Street;

- Isikhungo sebhizinisi elithi "Pullman" e-Myasnitskoy sishaya inhlanganisela eyithakazelisayo yeglasi nokukhonkolo;

- Izakhiwo zokuhlala "I-Ambassador House" zithandekayo ezima-circular shape kanye namafasitela ahlukeneyo;

- isikhungo sebhizinisi "Kitezh" ngesimo se-multi-deck liner.

UMoscow wamanje uhlasela ingxube yezitayela ezakhiweni. Manje ngokuyisisekelo ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, i-constructivism nesimanje. Yilezi zakhiwo ezenziwe ngilazi nekhonkrithi ezivelele emigwaqweni yedolobha. Kodwa izikhumbuzo zasendulo zaseMoscow azikhohliwe futhi ziheha abavakashi emhlabeni wonke.