Imithi - Iyini?

Imithi - lokhu legatsha umkhakha, nohlose ukuhla- ekukhiqizweni nemithi zilandele izilinganiso ezithile. Kuyinto ukuqhubeka zomlando ekhemisi. Phakathi imiqondo emibili nezindlela yokuthola izidakamizwa umehluko okukhulu.

Pharmacy Pharmaceutics: uyini umehluko?

Ikhemisi yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho sekungenzeka izidakamizwa lokuqala ekhiqizwa. Kuze kube manje, i-pharmacy - isiyalo ngokwesayensi kwenkululeko okuhlanganisa ukudalwa imithi, ukutadisha ukwethembeka kwakho, ukuba ucwaningo zamagama kanye ukwenziwa kwemithi, ukutadisha lo mshini wezenzo izidakamizwa abantu nokunye okuningi. Futhi isihloko cwaningo iwukuba ukucinga nokuhlolwa kwemithombo yemvelo yokwelapha. Ikhemisi efanayo - kuba ukukhiqizwa yezimboni izidakamizwa, esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka ekhemisi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo mass.

Imithi njengengxenye ekhemisi uvele ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19, lapho sekumcacela ukuthi indlela eside kwaziwa womshini izidakamizwa hhayi anganikeza emakethe mass, futhi imikhiqizo eziba umphumela kuyizipho imvelo Artisanal yokukhiqiza. Umphumela umuntu izidakamizwa enza babe yezinkinga kaningi iziguli, ngamunye onguchwepheshe - "wemithi" - kwadingeka iresiphi ayo umuthi, kwakungekho ekwakhiweni jikelele bese Standardization kwemithi.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kwaqala inkathi Standardization kanye ukuvela ekhemisi ngamaketanga, ukunyakaza oluqale e-United States, ngemva ukuqonda inzuzo ukudalwa emakethe wezokwelapha. Izidakamizwa kwaqala ukukhiqizwa sibaningi emva amabhizinisi emikhulu yokuqala. Ngakho, imithi - lokhu ukukhiqizwa zobuchwepheshe izidakamizwa nazo zonke isikhonzi izinzuzo zalo ephezulu tech umkhakha.

Yini Pharmaceuticals

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kwemikhiqizo yasekhemisi - yisici ulwazi nekwenta izithakazelo zezimboni, mass futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza esiphelele izidakamizwa kanye izinto. It study zonke izici imikhiqizo mass-kukhiqizwa. Ngo enekhono:

• Ukutadisha ukusebenza izidakamizwa nemiphumela yabo emzimbeni womuntu.
• Ucwaningo chemical nabavoti Medicine (umthamo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, nokunye.).
• Izinhlobo umthamo amafomu, izindlela zokuphatha ekukhiqizeni futhi yokuthengisa.
• Lithi ngokomzimba of izinto zokwelapha (isayizi, simo, nokunye. D.).
• Ubuciko nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, imishini nemishini umkhakha, ukukhiqizwa imishini imigqa.
• nemithi Excipients kanye nethonya layo wokugcina, umzimba womuntu.

ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yasekhemisi

Abekho embonini yokwenziwa kwemithi kwavela isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakunoFakazi ekhemisi kuqala lapho izidakamizwa ayihlelwa, kodwa bathengisa kuphela. Ekusebentiseni yale mithi wawa. Amaphayona of ukukhiqizwa yezimboni izidakamizwa izinkampani ezimbili: inkampani kukhiqizwa ammonia Bohm futhi Pelletier - quinine. Isibonelo sabo kwalandelwa abanikazi Pharmacy okudayisa, ngesisekelo lapho ukukhiqizwa ezinkulu rose kwalokho.

Lapho kunodokotela bezentengiselwano waqaphela ukuthi imithi - kuba inzuzo kakhulu, baqala ukwakha amabhizinisi abo. Ngo 1827, usokhemisi Merck eseqala ukuveza izidakamizwa okusekelwe izithako zemvelo (morphine, i-quinine nokunye.), Yikuphi okunye wayiyisa ukudalwa enkampanini enkulu. Ngesisekelo brand eziningi owaziwa ezithaka imithi isibe ekhemisi njalo, isibonelo, "Schering" (eJalimane) kanye "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics futhi Chemistry

Hhayi Pharmacy kuphela kungagcini kule mboni. Pharmaceutical kuhlobane ngokuqondile ne umkhakha zamakhemikhali. imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali imfucuza kwakungamadodana yekucala eziningi izinkampani, isibonelo, njenge "Bayer". inqubomgomo State of Nelungelo nemithi izihloko futhi nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni le mboni.

Noma yimuphi umakhi ungakwazi yini ukubhala imigomo ngelakho igama izidakamizwa futhi uyithengise ngaphansi brand ayo, elingazange ukuvimbela abanye bona umkhiqizo okufanayo ngamagama ahlukene. Kuphumelele nokukhangisa nokumaketha imikhankaso sewenze izidakamizwa "aspirin" kuyizikhathi 24 eqolo ngaphezu kwanoma aspirin, empeleni, kwaba.

impi zenzeka phakathi Prussia futhi Austria ngo-1866 kuya kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yasekhemisi. I okwalandela izingxabano zempi e-Europe, futhi wakhonza njengomdala umfutho ekwandeni ngokushesha ukukhiqiza emikhulu emithi enobunikazi. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I umholi abekho embonini yokwenziwa kwemithi kwaba eJalimane, share emakethe walo wawenziwe-20% inzuzo Imininingwane kwemithi. Kamuva, ubuholi wayiswa inkampani US.

imithi Russian

Imithi e laseRussia laqala ukukhula kwawo ne zezindela, lapho konke ukuhlupheka bathola nokudla okungokomoya nje kuphela kodwa futhi basize e elapha izifo, amathiphu eziningi abaphulukisi. Ngo 1091 eRussia, isibhedlela sokuqala, umqalisi kwaba Pereyaslav umpristi Efrayimi yasungulwa. Annals Ukulondolozile amagama abelaphi eziningi lezindela, futhi ezinye zazo ezikufanelekelayo eminyaka ezihlonishwayo, isibonelo, Pimen Postnik futhi Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar ehlasela, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa lobugqila wayeka ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ezindaweni eziningi imithi isidlulile cishe khona. Isithakazelo kuwo lavuselelwa e asebukhosini ngo-1547, lapho inkantolo Europe alethwe ochwepheshe eziningana.

Ekhemisi siqala eMoscow phakathi nokubusa Ivan le Kubi, ukubalekela imithwalo yemfanelo yokuba abasebenzi kwaba ukusevisa asebukhosini. It yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa Aptekarskaya Chamber. Idatha lokuqala okunokwethenjelwa mayelana ekhemisi asizange sisinde. Kukholakala ukuthi wawakhiwe khona phambi Chudov wezindela in the Kremlin. Zonke umsebenzi wawubekela imithetho eqinile, izithako ezisetshenziswa kwirejista ekhethekile babhekwa ekhiqizwa imithi enikeziwe umbhalo, okhombisa okuqukethwe ingxenye ngalinye kanye nenani futhi negama wemithi owadala imithi. Incwadi kugcinwa ngesikhathi abakhulu Aptekarskaya Chamber kanye yonke imithi.

kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru

Ngo-1654, isikole ngokuqeqeshwa odokotela nakosokhemese uvuliwe. ekhemisi Public uvele eMoscow ngo 1672, futhi kwaba Awukude Red Square, wanikwa igama elisha, akumelwe aphanjaniswe no-royal. Inqubekela kule ndawo ilethe wezinguquko eyinhloko Russia - Peter I. 1701, ngokuvumelana nomthetho wayo, eMoscow ngo izitolo ezifana eziyisishiyagalombili ivulekile. Ekhemisi elikhulu kunawo futhi eziphambili kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi esisogwini-Butcher Street e 1706. Umsebenzi kulesi sikhungo ayihlanganisi kuphela izidakamizwa iholide anhlobonhlobo abathengi, kodwa futhi izimpahla amayunithi nemithi ibutho.

Ngo-1714 Petr Veliky wachitha kabusha elilandelayo of Medicine uqambe kabusha lesigceme Apothecary eHhovisi Medical. izikhungo amasha kulawulwa ezempi izindaba wezokwelapha, ukulawulwa kunodokotela. Phakathi nekhulu le-18, enhlokodolobha yasungulwa 14 Pharmacy, futhi bavela emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu.

Izimpumelelo of kunodokotela Russian

Imithi Domestic edlale indima enkulu kwezesayensi emhlabeni. Okuvunjululwe kunazo yesiteleka ngenzé ku Medical Steel-Academy (Petersburg). Ngesisekelo sikhungo, uSolwazi OV Zabelin ihlelwe laboratory lapho ucwaningo ziqhutshwa kwemithi. Ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi A. A. Sokolovskogo eyala ezifana kwemithi pharmaceutics wafunda eMoscow University. Iqhaza kwemithi kanye amalungiselelo enziwe ososayensi abaningi abasebenza ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka.

imikhiqizo eyenza imithi e nenkathi yamaSoviet wakhishwa nje kuphela ngemva kwenkathi eminingi yokuvivinywa, ukuqinisekisa nephephe yokusetshenziswa kwawo. Izwe umise inethiwekhi laboratories amabhizinisi ezinkulu phezu zamagama izidakamizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa babe high. Njengamanje abekho embonini yokwenziwa kwemithi Russian ihambisana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zamazwe. Usebenza inethiwekhi laboratories ukukhiqiza kuyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ukwakha imithi emisha, ucwaningo kanye nocwaningo olwenziwa.

izimboni Russian ezithaka imithi ukukhiqiza izimpahla ziphoqa emakethe ezifuywayo angaphandle. Izikhundla eziyisihlanu kweziyi-yezinkampani ezinkulu zemithi Russian Federation kanje:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "vertex".
• STADA CIS.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Lomsebenzi "wemithi"

Imithi - isayensi kanye umkhakha zokukhiqiza, ezidinga kwabasebenzi abanekghono. izikole Medical ukuqeqesha Ochwepheshe nasemikhakheni ezimbili - osokhemisi kanye kunodokotela. Abasizi - isibhedlela, okukhethekile okulungiselelwe emakolishi, ukuqeqeshwa ihlala iminyaka 4. Abasizi umsebenzi master emayunivesithi iminyaka engaphezu 7 iminyaka (ezineminyaka engu-6 + 1 unyaka internship).

isizinda solwazi kunodokotela ku ezindaweni ezine eziyinhloko. Ngemva kokudedelwa ochwepheshe emkhakheni abasebenza Pharmacy wemithi emafektri, laboratories, ezikhethekile zocwaningo. abafundi Ikhemisi bakhangwa zinethuba lokuthuthuka futhi dynamism. Lo chwepheshe akufanele kuphela ukukhulula imithi, kodwa ukunikeza iseluleko ukukhetha okunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yokufuna isizinda solwazi evumela ukuba baqonde indlela izidakamizwa zenziwa, nemiphumela yawo kanye contraindications.

Ubani ongafaka ukusebenzisa ibhizinisi umsebenzi umsebenzi okuyinto - imithi? A ikhambi yisiphi isifo senziwa uma sicabangela nokulandela imithetho enzima nobuchwepheshe. Ukuze wemithi has umsebenzi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yebhizinisi. Izindawo umsebenzi uchwepheshe:

• I wemithi-umdayisi - ukusebenza Pharmacy okudayisa. Ububanzi yemfanelo zibandakanya namakhasimende, olugcinwa, ukukhiqizwa kabi imithi kadokotela, isitoreji efanele kwemithi, zokustokha.
• I wemithi-umcwaningi ukusebenza egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Okuphokophelwe yi-nabacwaningi becubungula sifo, elapha izinqubo, ukuziphatha amagciwane microflora, njll ochwepheshe unake kakhulu ukufinyelela igciwane izinhlobo eziyingozi (AIDS, i-Ebola, njll ...) Ukuze kwemithi yokugoma ngokumelene lezi zifo ...
• Osokhemisi, abasabalalisi kufunwe ku weenhlahla iqhaza ekuqaliseni ukusebenza imithi yabo noma abamele bezinkampani ezinkulu.

Imithi - a zamagama isayensi umkhakha. amalungiselelo Medical serial ukusetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa cishe noma yini. A ezinengqondo yokusondela ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kusiza nokugcinwa ezempilo yokutakula ezifweni eziningi.