I ukuma mercury. I-mercury isici

Zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali we ishadi lesikhathi kunemibandela ihlukaniswe B idayagonali - Ngezinye ku izinsimbi kanye nonmetals. Nge yokugcina eziyivelakancane, zitholakala phezulu kanye umngcele wesokudla. Izinsimbi ezinzuzweni okubeka obala ambalwa efanayo izici eyaziwa 118 mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 80.

Bonke babe izakhiwo efanayo ngokomzimba kuhlanganiswe isimo ekuhlanganisweni. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile - element mercury. Mayelana kuye ngixoxe kabanzi.

Isolezwe: isikhundla ohlelweni gqwa

Lo msuka ithatha cell yayo etafuleni ngaphansi inombolo 80. Lona iqembu lesibili, elithi the ezivelayo iqeqebana lesithupha okuqinisekile ezinkulu. It has an isisindo athomu 200,59. Kukhona isotopes eziyisikhombisa ezinzile: 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204.

Libhekisela d-umndeni izakhi, kodwa hhayi shintsho, kusukela yokugcina Valence electron bagcwalise ama-esemkhathini. Mercury likhona iqeqebana izinsimbi zinc cadmium kanye Copernicium.

izici Jikelele timphawu

Izakhi amakhemikhali ishadi lesikhathi ziye wabadonsa ilungiselelo, futhi ngalinye linomsebenzi electron yayo ukucushwa kwe-athomu, ukhuluma ngani impahla yayo. Mercury iyathinteka. Sakhiwo yangaphandle electron egobolondweni predvneshney elandelayo: 5s 5p ^{2 6 10} 5d 6s ^2.

Okungenzeka namachibi uthi: +1, +2. Oxide ne hydroxide mercury - eyisisekelo wavuma, ngezinye izikhathi by the nature of the kwakwakhe amphoteric. Uphawu chemical for the element №80 - HG, pronunciation Latin "gidrargirum". igama Russian lisuselwa Proto-Slavic ngaluphi ulimi yahunyushwa ngokuthi "kweqa". Phakathi kwezinye izizwe, indlela yokubiza amagama nezindlela negama lawo lihlukile. Ngokuvamile element uqobo futhi wabenza izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi merkuratami Mercury. Leli gama livela izikhathi lasendulo, lapho beqhathanisa IZINGA ELIPHEZULU (elementi) ngesiliva, wamnika value yesibili ngemva igolide. Sun - uphawu aurum Au, Mercury - uphawu gidrargirum HG.

Abantu wasendulo inkolelo yokuthi kukhona izinsimbi ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa, kuhlanganise mercury. Iqembu babo sibonakala ngokwanda izindikimba zasezulwini. Okungukuthi, igolide kwakuhambisana nezinga ilanga, yensimbi - Mars, Mercury - Mercury nokunye.

Umlando yokutholakala

Mercury laziwa 1500 iminyaka BC. Ngisho nalapho, kwachazwa ngokuthi "esiliva uketshezi", ezihambayo, engavamile nensimbi engaqondakali. Khiphela ke nayo yafunda ezikhathini zasendulo.

Yiqiniso, ukufunda ngezici zawo kwakungenakwenzeka, ngoba sesakhiwe hhayi njengoba i-chemistry ezinjalo. Mercury umgubuzelo zimbozwe imfihlakalo futhi magic, kwakubhekwa njengesenzo izidakamizwa engavamile eduze kwesiliva, kanye nekhono jikisa igolide, uma benza kube nzima. Nokho, izindlela ukuthola mercury abahlanzekile isimo okuqinile yayingekho, futhi abacwaningi alchemical ayiphumelelanga.

amazwe Major, lapho ezikhathini zasendulo olusetshenzisiwe futhi mercury ekhishwe yilesi:

• China;
• kweMilambo;
• India;
• EGibhithe.

Nokho, ukuthola lolu metal kuyinto injalo emsulwa kwaba kuphela ekhulwini XVIII, benza usokhemisi Swedish Brandt. Nokho, sizazi sona kuze kube manje baboniswe ubufakazi metallicity izinto. Lo magazini yacaciswa M. V Lomonosov futhi Brown. Kuyinto lezi ososayensi lokuqala wakwazi iqhwa mercury futhi ngaleyo ndlela uyaqinisekisa ukuthi libhekene zonke izakhiwo izinsimbi - ayebuthaka, conductivity, malleability futhi ductility, insimbi ngehele crystal.

Namuhla wathola ezihlukahlukene mercury compounds, isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene ukukhiqiza lobuchwepheshe.

I-mercury izidakamizwa

Njengoba into elula uketshezi (at kwezimo ezivamile) zesiliva-white, iselula, oluyingozi. Isibonelo esingokoqobo lapho mercury ketshezi isetshenziswa ifomu okumsulwa, - a izinga lokushisa, thermometer sokulinganisa lokushisa.

Uma thina ukuguqula mercury esimweni okuqinile, kuyoba zinhlayiya angenisa ukukhanya, ayinaphunga. Evala kukhona kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ezinobuthi kakhulu.

izakhiwo

Izakhiwo metal - ummeleli kuphela okuyinto kwezimo ezivamile ngaphansi angaba khona njengoba uketshezi. Ukuze zonke ezinye izindawo, it ufaneleka ngokugcwele izici jikelele namanye amalungu isigaba.

imphawu letibalulekile zimi kanje.

1. Ukubukeka: kwezimo ezivamile - ketshezi, zinhlayiya esiqinile - akukho ephakeme kuka 352 ^{° C,} lo mbhangqwana - ezingaphezu kuka-79 K.
2. Ziyoncibilika-benzene, dioxane, zinhlayiya emanzini. It has ikhono hhayi ezimanzisa ingilazi.
3. It Unazo izakhiwo diamagnetic.
4. conductivity ezishisayo.

Mercury ukuncibilika kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa negative -38,83 ° ^C. Ngakho-ke, leso sidakamizwa kungokwalabo iqembu alufakwa lapho evuthayo. Yangaphakathi ugesi uxhumano izokwenyuka ngo izikhathi eziningana.

Abilayo mercury siqala ^cishe 356,73 C. Kuleli qophelo, uqala seningene isimo umusi, okungabonakali ngokuphelele iso engqamuzaneni, zixhunywe a nonpolar covalent isibopho.

mercury ukuncibilika lokushisa ebonisa ukuthi izakhiwo metal ngokusobala engavamile. Lokhu kwaziswa uqala shabalala, ezihambelayo engqamuzaneni ongabonakali isimo gaseous at abavamile ekamelweni lokushisa, okwenza kube eyingozi empilweni kwabantu nezilwane.

chemical izakhiwo

iqembu Akwaziwa compounds esekelwe mercury emazingeni ehlukene namachibi:

• sulfate, sulfides;
• chloride;
• nitrate;
• hydroxides;
• oxides;
• compounds kulokulukhuni
• compounds organometallic,
• intermetallic;
• Alloys nezinye izinsimbi - ziyinhlanganisela.

mercury Melting iphuzu kuyivumela yakha kokubili ziyinhlanganisela liquid okuqinile. Ngo eziyinsimbi Alloys ulahlekelwe umsebenzi wabo, ngokuba inert ngaphezulu.

Ukusabela mercury ukuxhumana nomoya-mpilo kungenzeka kuphela ezingeni lokushisa sezingeni eliphezulu, naphezu kwamandla eqinile oxidizing we nonmetal. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela phezu 380 ^{° C} ngenxa ukuhlanganiswa kwezici oxide metal Kumiswa ukuba neziqu of namachibi of ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi.

metal Asingeni nokuxhumana zamakhemikhali, asele esimweni liquid nge acid, alkalis, okungezona insimbi ifomu khulula.

Nge halogens iyaphendula kunalokho kancane futhi kuphela abandayo, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi lokuncibilika mercury. oxidant Okuhle ngokuba liyisihlalo potassium permanganate.

Ukuba nemvelo

Kuqukethwe ungqimba lomhlaba, ulwandle, imikhando namaminerali. Uma sikhuluma iphesenti Imininingwane mercury ku emathunjini omhlaba, kumayelana 0.000001%. Ngokuvamile singasho ukuthi lesi sakhi trace. namaminerali ezinkulu imikhando, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba metal, lokhu okulandelayo:

• cinnabar;
• asebenza ngebhethri;
• chalcedony;
• mica;
• carbonates;
• nomthofu-zinc imikhando.

Emvelweni, mercury njalo kwenza umjikelezo futhi ehilelekile umzimba wonke izingqimba Zomhlaba.

ukuthola mercury

Indlela eyinhloko ukuthola - kuyinto ngokucubungula cinnabar amaminerali. Kungenzeka futhi indlela Metallurgical usebenzisa ejenti ukunciphisa. Uma usebenzisa indlela yokuqala, amaminerali asitholayo okugazingiwe elawula umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kukhipha pair of metal. Njengoba mercury sincane kakhulu ukuma, futhi ukuvala abacaphuni, ngokuphambene, kuphezulu, icala ukufingqa umusi ekulungiseleleni akakubangeli kokudubula izinkinga. Le ndlela kokuphatha mercury sulfide ukusetshenziswa endulo for ukukhipha metal ngefomu okumsulwa.

Eyesibili indlela kusekelwe isizinda mercury njengoba sulphide ngokusebenzisa ejenti enamandla ukunciphisa. Ezinjalo njengoba yensimbi. umkhiqizo ziqoqwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni odlule.

imiphumela eziphilayo ku eziphilayo

Mercury lokushisa kudingeka ongaphakeme ngokwanele ukuba badlulele isimo umusi. Le nqubo iqala at 25 ° ^C, ie ekamelweni lokushisa evamile. Kulokhu, lokuthola izinto eziphilayo egumbini iba ingozi yempilo.

Ngakho, i-metal kuyinto ezikwazi ukuhlaba zingene nezidalwa ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa:

• isikhumba, beqinile, ngokuphelele integers;
• mucosa;
• ipheshana zokuphefumula;
• izitho zokugaya.

Uma usuphakathi kuso, ngentukuthelo mercury likhona egazini, bese ufaka zamagama wamaprotheni namanye amangqamuzana, ukwakha compounds nabo. Ngakho kukhona ukunqwabelana metal abayingozi isibindi futhi bone. Ngoba izindawo isitoreji metal kungase futhi zifakwe umzimba, zamagama nokwaphuka, okubangela ukudakwa kancane, ephelezelwa imiphumela olunzima.

Ethathwe izitho kunalokho kancane futhi ngaphansi kwethonya catalysts, adsorbents. Ngokwesibonelo, ubisi. liquid Main lapho okukhiphayo zensimbi imvelo:

• ngamathe;
• Bile;
• umchamo;
• Imikhiqizo ye-pheshana emathunjini.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko yalesi ubuthi imfuyo; oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki. Ngamunye has izici zayo siqu kanye nezimpawu.

Izimpawu kanye nokwelashwa

Ifomu acute kuyinto ejwayelekile ezimweni lapho imidlalo mercury kwenzeka ekukhiqizeni, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi lapho kukhona ukukhululwa enkulu izinto emkhathini. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abantu abasengozini kuqala ziwohloke abukhali zempilo, ukuthi ushevu. Izinkomba ilezi:

1. uhlelo Eshiswa zokuphefumula, emaphashini, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila we iyiphi indawo emlonyeni nasemphinjeni.
2. Ukwandiswa nezinga lokushisa komzimba.
3. Izilonda kwakheka kwi izinsini, bona opha, sikhukhumale bakulalele kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakheka usebe mercury is.
4. Yoma kwesibindi nezinso.
5. Chills, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, isiyezi.
6. Isimiso sezinzwa kuthintwa kakhulu - inkulumo okhathazekile kanye nokudidiyela ukunyakaza, eliqhaqhazelayo wemikhawulo siyenzeka.
7. Ubuthi kuhambisana ikhanda kanye sohudo ngegazi inclusions.

Uma lesion mercury umusi zenzeka kancane kancane, lesi sifo kuzothatha uhlamvu ezingamahlalakhona. Kulokhu, isibonisi ngeke ebukhali, kodwa Ukuwohloka impilo bazothola nsukuzonke, ukuthatha zonke umfutho emikhulu.

1. esitho liqhaqhazela.
2. isifo setemlomo (gingivitis, stomatitis, njll).
3. Umfutho ophakeme wegazi kanye tachycardia.
4. Ukujuluka.
5. Jitters.
6. Ukuphathwa yikhanda.
7. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iziyaluyalu kakhulu engqondweni, kuze bayasangana angase abangelwe.

Konke lokhu imiphumela singenzeka ngisho ngenxa ukukhululwa okuncane mercury emkhathini. Uma isikhathi akaphinde asibalele demercurization izakhiwo, ungakwazi ukulimaza kakhulu impilo yakho.

Ukwelashwa kulezi zimo ngokuvamile kukholelwa imithi ezilandelayo:

• amavithamini;
• antihistamine;
• barbiturates;
• "Chlorpromazine".

ukusetshenziswa abantu

Indawo ezivamile ukusetshenziswa futhi isitoreji mercury metallic - ke thermometer futhi thermometer. Kokunye imishini enjalo ingase ibe kuze 3 g metal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukukhetha izindawo eziningana umsebenzi womuntu, lapho mercury isetshenziswa kabanzi:

• Medicine (calomel, merkuzal, chlormerodrin, antiseptics eziningi);
• umsebenzi lobuchwepheshe - imithombo zamanje, izibani incandescent, amaphampu eziyobonisa, detonator, nokunye;
• Metallurgy - sishaye izibuko, umhlobiso zegolide nezesiliva amalgams, ukuthola isizinda Alloys, izinto okumsulwa;
• imboni yamakhemikhali;
• ezolimo.

Njengamanje, ngenxa lilondeke kakhudlwana, futhi elula izidakamizwa mercury cishe babexoshwa imithi.