I-Chesme Palace eSt. Petersburg: umlando, ikheli, isithombe

Phakathi kukaSt. Petersburg noTsarskoe Selo ngesikhathi sikaCatherine II, kwakhiwa isakhiwo seholidi phakathi nohambo olude. Ukuhlonishwa kweminyaka eyishumi yokunqoba kwemikhumbi yaseRussia, amagama athi "Chesme Church" ne "Chesme Palace" avele, ekhumbuza inkazimulo yempi yezimoto zaseRussia. Isigodlo sasihlangene ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kepha sasigcina sihlobisa iSt. Petersburg.

Indawo

Naphezu kokuthi le nkimbinkimbi yakhiwa njengendlela, namuhla yiChesme Palace eSt. Petersburg (ikheli layo: 15 Gastello Street). Futhi ngesikhathi sikaCatherine oMkhulu kwakuyindawo engabiwa muntu, indawo enamanzi. Izwe laya eRussia ngenxa yeNyakatho YeMpi futhi yaba impahla yobukhosi.

Le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuthi ngesiFinnish Kickerikiksen, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "inhlanzi yexhaphozi," yingakho isibonakaliso sodonga lwesikhathi esizayo kwakuyi-frog eluhlaza.

Ngo-1717 kwafakwa umzila endaweni yokuhlala eTsarskoe Selo, futhi kusukela kulokhu kwaqala umlando wokuhlala indawo egama layo. Namuhla, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-Chesme Palace ingaphansi kwemingcele yaseSt. Petersburg.

Umlando Wemlando

Ukuze ahambe kahle ehlala ehlobo e-Tsarskoye Selo, uCatherine the Great wayala amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ukusuka enhloko-dolobha ukwakha indawo yokuhlala. Yilokho okwakhiwa khona iSigodlo saseChesme eSt Petersburg, umlando owawuyisikhathi eside futhi unentshisekelo.

Ekuqaleni, yayibizwa ngokuthi i-dacha. Kodwa lapho ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo sekuphelile, izindaba zokunqoba kwezimoto zaseRussia empini yeChema zafika. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukunqoba iTurkey kwakubaluleke kakhulu eRussia. Nakuba phakathi nale mpi kwakungenakwenzeka ukunqoba uConstantinople njengoba kwakulindelwe, kodwa ngisho nokunqotshwa kukaKerch no-Azov kwakuphawuleka kakhulu. Manje imikhumbi yomthengisi yaseRussia yayingadlula uLwandle Olubomvu ngaphandle kokuvimbela, futhi lezi zinzuzo ezinkulu ezithembisiwe.

ERussia kwakukhona isiko lokugubha zonke ukunqoba okukhulu empini yaseTurkey ngetshe lesikhumbuzo. Ngakho eTararskoe Selo kwavela i-Turkish cascade kanye nenkundla, amakholomu aseCrimea kanye neCheme, kanti nasezindaweni ezihlonishwayo kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezakhiweni zaseByzantium naseMpumalanga. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyinto enengqondo ukubiza igama elisha lesigodlo saseKesmensky, kanye nesonto elakhiwe eduze kwalo.

Umakhi

UCatherine Omkhulu uyaziwa ngobubanzi bakhe nothando olukhulu ekwakheni. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, izwe lonke, neSt. Petersburg ikakhulukazi, lathola izakhiwo eziningi zokunethezeka nezindlu zamakhosi.

Indlovukazi ithole izizathu eziningi zokwakha izindlu ezintsha, njengokuhamba okude ukusuka enhloko-dolobha kuya eTrarskoe Selo. Wayengafuni ukuma ezindaweni ezingavumelekile, ngoba wayefuna ukuzizwa ekhululekile kuyo yonke indawo. Ngesikhathi uMmishinari enquma ukwakha isigodlo esisha - "dacha" - waphendukela ku-Yuri Matveevich Felten, oyedwa wabaqambi abakhulu be-capital.

Umklami oye wafunda e-Academy of Arts, wasebenza iminyaka eminingana noRastrelli, emva kokufa kwakhe, wagcwalisa ukwakhiwa komakhi omkhulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nethalenta kwenza uFelten kanye noVallen-Delamot umklami ohamba phambili waseSt. Petersburg. Ngo-1774 wayesenayo izakhiwo ezinjengamasonto aseLuthela nase-Armenia aseSt. Catherine, i-Hermitage encane nenkulu, i-Palace Embankment kanye nocingo oludumile lwe-Summer Garden.

I-Chesma Palace eyinikezwe yaba yindlela yokuzama umakhi. Phela, enhlokodolobha bekungeke kube nengqondo ukwakha isigodlo ngesitayela seGothic, kodwa ngaphandle komuzi lezi zinkululeko zavunyelwa.

Umlando wokwakhiwa

I-Chesme Travel Palace yafakwa ngo-1774, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu umkhosi wagubha iqembu elisha. Isivinini sokwakhiwa kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi umakhi Yu. M. Felten wakwazi ukuhlela umsebenzi ngokufanele. Futhi-ke, isivinini sokwakha sanikele kakhulu kakhulu ngemali enkulu yokwakhiwa kukaCatherine.

Indawo engaphansi kwesakhiwo yayingekho kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke esigabeni sokuqala kwakudingeka some lesi sakhiwo, futhi umgodi eduze nomkhawulo wesayithi wawubanjwe, ngakho-ke amaxhaphozi angeke awonakele isigodlo kusukela manje. Umzwelo wenqaba uqiniswa ukulingiswa kwe-shaft, eyenziwe ngomhlaba nge-moat.

Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sasihlanganisa nesakhiwo esikhulu sezitezi ezimbili kanye nemibhoshongo yekhoneni, isonto lamatshe lokuzalwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi nezakhiwo eziningana zehhovisi. Esigodlweni sezindlu kwakukhona umgwaqo ovela emaphethelweni, umqhele ngamasango amabili wamatshe esitayela seGothic.

Izici zobuciko zesigodlo

I-Chesme Palace yakhulelwa ngesitayela esingaqondakali-Gothic, futhi umakhi wakwazi ukumelana nalomqondo. Umthombo wokuphefumulelwa womklami kwakuyizindlu ezingasempumalanga emabhange aseBosphorus. Izakhi zaseMpumalanga zibhalwe ngobumnene isitayela se-Gothic, azibonakali, kepha ziyisiqephu esicashile kuphela.

Ngokwesakhiwo esikhulu segodlo ngunxantathu olinganayo kanye nemibhoshongo eyindilinga enezingqimba emagumbini. Umbhoshongo ngamunye ugcwaliswe ngendwangu enezindlu ezinomzimba. Izindonga zangaphandle zakhiwo zakhiwe ngaphezu kokuphakama kwesakhiwo ngesimo somqhele wokuqala. Igumbi elingaphansi lesigodlo lalihlotshiswe ngubhubhe, isitezi esingaphansi - izitini eziqoshiwe. Amafasitela amahle we-lancet enza umqondo wendlu yasendulo. Ukwakhiwa okunamandla nokuqinile kwePhalamende laseChememe kunikeza umbono wendawo enqabeni enqabeni.

Umklamo wangaphakathi

Ngendlela, i-Chesme Palace (eSt. Petersburg), ehlotshiswe ngaphandle ngesitayela esingamanga, ayinayo i-Gothic ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Amakamelo angaphakathi aqiniswa ngesitayela sokuqala esikoleni sikaCatherine.

Ezingodongeni kwakukhona ama-panels, ama-medallions, ama-cornices, ama-crowns kanye nezimbali ze-flower eziba yiluphawu lokuthengisa luka Yu. M. Felten. Umthamo omkhulu wendangxantathu yendlu uhlala eHholo LaseParade, lihlotshiswe ngegalari yezithombe ezenziwa ngu-F. Shubin ebonisa izikhulu ezinkulu namakhosi aseRussia.

Ngokusho kwemiklamo kaFelten, wonke amahholo namagumbi esigodlo ayehlotshisiwe, wakhetha ifenisha nezindwangu isikhathi eside, okuzohlobisa izindlu zendlu ngesithunzi. Ikakhulukazi yokuhlala kwakhe okusha, uCatherine wayala izinto ezingu-952 ezivela e-English porcelain factory ye-Wedgwood, ngayinye ene-frog efanekisela i-Chesme Palace. Namuhla, le nsizakalo yimihlobiso yeqoqo le-Hermitage.

Umlando ulawulwe ngokuqinile ngaphakathi langaphakathi lendlu. Kulokho akuningi okwakulondolozwe - izithombe nezithombe zadluliselwa kumamyuziyamu, ifenisha yalahleka kancane kancane. Kodwa ngonyaka ka-2005 ihholo elikhulu lekhaya labuyiselwa, manje libizwa ngokuthi iGeorgievsky.

Isigodlo noCatherine the Great

I-Chesme Palace eSt. Petersburg yaba enye yezindawo ezizithandayo ze-Empress. Wayemvakashela kaningi, futhi kuye kwakukhona imikhosi nemikhosi.

Futhi ngo-1792 Catherine wanikeza isigodlo iSahluko se-Order of St. George. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lapha, ehholo elizungezile esitezi sesibili, imihlangano ye Knights yalesi Order yaqala, lapho uMmpress wayevame khona. Masinyane kwakukhona abaphathi babo, ingobo yomlando kanye nomgcinimafa.

Emva kokufa kukaCatherine Omkhulu, isigodlo, ngeshwa, sasiyincithakalo.

Iminyaka Yokudwengulwa

UPaul, owafika embusweni, wayengafuni ukusebenzisa lesi sigodlo. Ngaphansi kuka-Alexander II isigodlo sasingenalutho, ngamantombazane amabili kuphela avela ku-Catherine Institute ayephumula.

Ngaphansi kukaNicholas I isonto lesigodlo lalisetshenziselwa ukulungiselela ukungcwatshwa kwamaDrand Grand. Lapha isidumbu somfowabo kaTsar Alexander sachitha ubusuku, lapha sathunyelwa ebhokisini lokunethezeka futhi kusukela lapha sithathwe emngcwabeni. Indaba efanayo yenzeke nomzimba ka-Elizaveta Alexeevna.

Almshouse

U-Emperor Paul wayengathandi konke okwakumkhumbuza unina, ngakho akazange avakashele iChesme Palace, kodwa wakhetha ukuchitha isikhathi eGatchina. Waze wafuna ukunikeza indlu yokuhlala emakhaya, kodwa lo msebenzi awuzange usebenze. IKhomishane ithole ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuyihlela, ichaza ukwenqaba kokuntuleka kwamanzi.

Lo mbono wawakhumbuza nguNicholas I, owathi ngo-1830 wakhipha umyalo ekudaleni i-almshouse yezempi yabangenalutho nabalandeli be-Patriotic War of 1812 e-Chesme Palace. Ngako-ke kwaphela umlando wesigodlo wokwakha.

Ukuze kube lula futhi ukwanda kwendawo esigodlweni, ukulungiswa okuphawulekayo kwenziwa. Umklami A. Staubert wathola umyalelo wokuguqulwa kwesigodlo ehotela labakhubazekile. Uqedela izakhiwo ezintathu ezifanayo zezintambo ezimbili, ezixhuma ngezimoto ezintsha emibhoshongweni yekhoneni. Kusukela emibhoshongweni ngokwabo, ama-parapet aqoshiwe asusiwe futhi ashintshwe ngendlu. Amasitini esitokisini ashintshwe nge-new, cast-iron.

Esitezi sesibili isonto lasebusika lalingcwelisiwe. Esikhundleni sehlathi kanye nedlelo, ipaki evamile imisiwe phambi kwesakhiwo ukuhamba nabahlali. Eminyakeni emine kamuva i-almshouse yayilungile, izivakashi ezingu-400 zaziyohlala kuyo. Esikhathini esithile kamuva, ngaphezu kwephiko ngalinye, kunezansi ezimbili ezakhiwe. Kancane kancane wakha izakhiwo ezengeziwe futhi waphula amathuna. Kanjalo kwaphela isiphetho seyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo - indawo enhle kunazo zonke, yothando lomkhathi kaCatherine.

Isikhathi Soviet

Ngo-1919, i-Chesme Palace yayilindele ukuhlolwa okusha. I-almshouse ivaliwe futhi ikamu lalisungulwa iziboshwa kanye nezitha zikahulumeni omusha. I-Church of Chesme yaphangwa, yabe isusa isiphambano, imisa izintambo kanye nesando endaweni yayo, njengezimpawu zesikhathi esisha.

Ngo-1930, ukwakhiwa kwe-Chesma Palace yangaphambili kwanikezwa kwi-Road Institute. Ngezidingo zesikole, amaphiko avuselelwa futhi. Futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, isonto nendlu yasendlini babethwa kabi ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Ngemva kwempi isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sanikwa i-Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrument Engineering.

Ngo-1946, isigodlo salungiswa, nakuba singakhathazeki ngempela ngokulondoloza ukubonakala kwangempela. Le misebenzi yayiholwa ngumakhi A. Koryagin.

Usuku Lwanamuhla

I-Chesme Palace, isithombe sayo esivela kude kakhulu nesakhiwo sokuqala somklami, namuhla sisabakwa-University of Aerospace Instrumentation.

Ipaki yokuthengisa ivulekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Futhi ngo-1994, lapho iSonto LaseChesme libuyiselwa eSontweni Lama-Orthodox, ukubuyiselwa kwezimo zangaphakathi nokubukeka kwethempeli kwaqala. Namuhla, cishe ihambisana ngokuphelele nokwakhiwa kwekhulu le-18.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kunqunywe ukubuyisela ihholo eliyinhloko lefa, futhi ngo-2005 kwavulwa. Umtapo wezincwadi uthatha umtapo wolwazi waseyunivesithi futhi ubamba izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zemikhosi. Ngeshwa, namuhla izingxenye ezithile zesakhiwo esikhulu zisenza sibone ukuklama okungavamile kukaFelten.