Fontanka emfuleni: umlando, izithombe

Fontanka River - emfudlaneni aqueous emelela omunye iziteshi iNeva delta Petersburg. Amagatsha kusukela ohlangothini lwesobunxele iNeva River eduze Summer Garden, bese ugelezela uMfula iNeva kuya eningizimu ayengaphansi Galerny Gutuevsky futhi enyakatho yesiqhingi, ekuqaleni kwe-Gulf of Finland. Arc ephambana ngumgogodla edolobheni ohlangothini eningizimu-ntshonalanga kanti ongaseningizimu semifula. kwesigubhu ubude 6.7 km, ububanzi zokhahlamba kusuka 35 kuya 70 m, ukujula -. m 2.6 3.5 Lapha izinkomba ezifana it has Fontanka emfuleni. Kungani-ke ngokuthi futhi yini umlando wayo, singafunda kulesi sihloko.

Amanzi kohlelo emfuleni, omunye ezinhlanu ezakha delta ka uMfula iNeva, has yamanzi 12. Ukugeleza kwamanzi emthonjeni yisilinganiso sesifundo 34 cubic metres. m / s, esezansi, ngemva ekhelini Sinks - 24 cu. m / s, futhi, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli kwakwakhe nge wesiteshi Kryukov confluence Griboedova - 22 cu. m / s. Ukugeleza izinga ku induku umthombo yayo Anichkova kwebhuloho - isilinganiso 0.3-0.4 m / s no ngezansi - 0.2-0.25 m / s.

Igama River Fontanka

Lasekuqaleni Igama lomfula - Eric. Lapho ukwakhiwa nemithombo, ngoba ozinikele yabo ukunikezela umzila edabula ekusakazeni lakhiwa. hydronym Okokuqala uguqulwe ube umthombo, futhi kamuva - ku Fontanka.

Umlando Fontanka

Kuze 1714 emfuleni exhaphozini, kwakheka iziqhingi sayo samanje elincane, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Nameless noma umane Erik Erik. Kuze ekusungulweni Petersburg ngebhange kwaba emzaneni Russian Usaditsa, futhi eduze komlomo - Izhora isiphetho enegama Finnish Kalyula, kamuva uqambe emzaneni Kalinkina. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa umuzi e-1711 ne Fontanka emfuleni Moika axhunywe kule lingama imbobo ezimanzi, esetshenziselwa ukuwasha izingubo.

Ukwakhiwa, ukwakhiwa kabusha kanye ukubhujiswa phezu Fontanka

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa zokhuni ibhuloho esiphezulu ububanzi lokuqala ukugeleza amanzi anjengomfula Fontanka, safinyelela kwamamitha angu-200, kodwa uPetru mina umsebenzi wokwakha idolobha wayeka ngemva kokufa emfuleni ungene kabusha umhlaba oqala kule ndawo yokugibela imikhumbi ukufiphala, okwenza kube navigation nzima kakhulu. Eminyakeni 1743-1752 kwenziwa yokuhlanza kanye nokuqinisa yashayisa unqenqema. igama layo lamanje ngaso umfula sasiyisimangaliso phakathi nokubusa Empress Anna Ivanovna, sibonga imithombo, setha ngebhange salo esifanele kule Summer Garden. Baphiwa ukudla ngamanzi esiteshini Lithuanian echibini echibini (manje - Square) bemba ekhoneni Avenue LamaGreki nomgwaqo yesimanje Nekrasov, bese kuthunyelwa kwepaki tube. Sami emithonjeni baqothulwa umonakalo odalwe yizikhukhula ezinzima e 1777 kanye nesinqumo uCatherine II yokulungisa. bona isivuliwe kuphela ngemva Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo okuphelele ngo-2012.

umngcele

Kuze maphakathi nekhulu XVIII, eMfuleni Fontanka lalibhekwa njengento yomngcele oseningizimu edolobheni, okungafanele kukhona izigodi ezweni izicukuthwane ocebile. Lamanje ukuthi eqondisa futhi ingxenye embozwe imisele yamanzi, kuhlanganise emfuleni angcolile Tarakanovka. Umngcele Petersburg iyiswe isiteshi dlula, kodwa umugqa Fontanka amashumi eminyaka wasala ngezansi ngaphambili isakhiwo. Phakathi imisinga we Fontanka futhi Moika, ne Kryukov Canal, emashumini eminyaka XVIII-XIX kwaba endaweni suburban yenhloko-dolobha, okuthiwa Kolomna.

Isebenza eMfuleni

Eminyakeni 1780-1789 le Fontanka futhi usule futhi lujule isiteshi, kanye iphrojekthi akhiwa umakhi A. V Kvasovym, eyakhelwe ngaphakathi egwadle embankments, imigwaqo engenela emfuleni ekwehleni. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX, umfula endaweni samanje Vitebsk Station ixhunywe ku emgqeni dlula esebenzisa Vvedensky, eklanyelwe ziqondise futhi ezinye izimoto kanye wangcwatshwa eminyakeni 1967-1969. Ngo 1892, i-Fontanka ngaqala ukuya imikhumbi umgibeli. Njengamanje, umfula wenza ezimbili isiqondisi i-WinSock izikebhe ezincane in the main izivakashi izikebhe. Ebusika, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa we esebenzisa City Council yayiqhutshwa ice rinks yomphakathi.

amanzi okuphuza

Isampula wamanzi aphuzwayo emadolobheni sabantu ezizungezile kwenziwa past amabili eminyaka. Amanzi uthuthwa imiphongolo oluhlaza, ngokungafani kuya iNeva, ebhodleleni ezimhlophe, futhi ngenxa yokungcoliswa ezinzima ngokuphindaphindiwe baba imbangela yezifo eziwumshayabhuqe izifo gastro-emathunjini. ukwakhiwa izitshalo ukwelashwa bese eyithumela Emikhulu indle e iNeva Bay lithuthukile isimo kwemvelo, futhi ngo-1970 izinhlanzi emuva emfuleni.

Biota

flora Major engekho sisonke ku iNeva River, izitshalo ezisogwini hhayi, njengoba onqenqemeni kwamanzi uphahlwe ngetshe. Fontanka River (isithombe ngezansi) akuyona nezilwane ocebile. Found izinhlanzi eziphilayo e sifinyelela engezansi uMfula iNeva kanye delta, kuhlanganise whitefish, bream futhi lamprey. Ngaphambi inguquko emfuleni igcinwe ezinkanjini eziningi izinhlanzi bukhoma, baletha ukudayiswa kusukela sifinyelela ongenhla uMfula iNeva neLake Ladoga. Okwamanje, ngenxa eseqophelweni ukwelashwa amanzi, nezinhlanzi delta iNeva liba ku osebeni Fontanka umkhuba ukudoba ukungcebeleka, nakuba izazi musa batusa yokudla sabanjwa rotan wakhe lifiphele futhi. Izinhlanzi ezivela amabhuloho akuvunyelwe nakancane. I avifauna imelelwa Petersburg ezivamile ngoba Waterfowl zinhlobo - amadada seagull.

amabhuloho

Shore enjalo ukusakaza aqueous njengoba Fontanka emfuleni axhunyiwe ngu amabhuloho angu-15, ezikhangayo nendlela yawo ebanzi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke phakathi kwabo kukhona: yokuwasha, omunye yokuwela itshe lokuqala elakhiwa Petersburg, Anichkov, kutholakala amaqembu adumile Equestrian ebaziwe ukusebenza Klodt, futhi ibhuloho waseGibhithe, ehlotshiswe sphinxes ezimbili futhi ezine sensimbi isibani-namatshe amade abaziwe. I hit zokugcina phezu eqhweni ingeminye Jan 20, 1905 ngenxa resonance okuvela phakathi nesikhathi ukudlula a isigaba ka Horse-Grenadier Regiment, futhi yagcina abuyiselwe kuphela 1955-1956. Ekhulwini XVIII, yayakhiwe eziyisikhombisa efanayo uchungechunge ebhulohweni nezipani lokhuni. Kulezi Lomonosovski (Chernyshev wangaphambili) Old-Kalinkin agcinwe kuze kube manje njengoba izimpawu zendawo, kodwa izingxenye yabo emqoka esikhundleni yensimbi nensimbi.

zokungcebeleka

Eduze Ihlobo Garden kule minyaka 1715-1722 yafakwa ngemininingwane ngisemsebenzini, lapho kufika ku 1762 ezakhiwa emiphongolweni emincane zomsebenzi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kusayithi iwayini usawoti yayo emafektri ezakhiwa, yingakho le ndawo ebizwa ngokuthi Salt City. Kule eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo walondoloza lesakhiwo sesonto St Panteleimon. Esikhaleni esingezansi ibhange kwesokunxele Anichkov ibhuloho lakhiwa engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili. Kube uye kuxazululwe Law School, bese - Sheremetev Palace (uMthombo House) ne-Anny Ahmatovoy Museum, izinto zakuqala Catherine Institute. Ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo saseNevsky Prospect kunesigodlo soMbusi Prince Beloselsky-Belozersky ke wangaphambili Izmailovo engadini futhi ifa imbongi Derzhavin.

On ibhange kwesokudla kwesigubhu ebizwa ngokuthi Fontanka emfuleni eSt Petersburg ngesikhathi Sinks legatsha futhi okuphambene Ihlobo Garden yiyona Mikhailovsky Castle, abakhiwa yokuhlala uPawulu mina, futhi manje igatsha Russian Museum. Okulandelayo kufike Shuvalov Palace, lapho kukhona Museum eyimfihlo Faberge, Anichkov Palace, Ensemble of Lomonosov square ukwakhiwa elaliyiCzechoslovakia Wezangaphakathi, elamiswa ngo-1830 ngu-Carlo Rossi. Kukhona kwakhiwe Petersburg State Circus, Big Drama Theatre, Yusupov Palace, futhi eduze komlomo - umzimba Admiralty Shipyards. Ngo-1994, i-elibheke olwandle e-Castle St Michael kuba isikhumbuzo of temdzabu Finch-Pyzhik, elingelinye lamancane Petersburg. Lena emfuleni Fontanka, umlando okuyinto kakhulu futhi libalulekile isimo.