Cabotage - Iyini?

Okokuqala, ake ukubhekana neqiniso lokuthi cabotage ezinjalo. Leli gama, okusho inqubo ngokwalo yalolu hambo zomkhumbi ezisuka kwamanye amachweba ziya, ngaphandle kokushiya nelilodwa izwe. Umqondo anikeze wonke umuntu owenza embonini zasolwandle ezaziwayo. Njengoba laba ababesanda kufika, bona imigomo eminingi asolwandle nakanjani engazazi futhi zibangele okuningi imibuzo. Ukuze wazi laba bantu ne imiqondo esemqoka yalesi hlobo zokuthutha, sizilungisile lesi sihloko.

umqondo jikelele

Zonke imigomo zasolwandle babe emithini yabo zivela amanye amagama ayinhloko ukhiye. "Cabotage" - nayo iyathinteka kulokhu. Le nkulumo livela "cabo" iSpanishi, okuyinto zihunyushelwe izindlela Russian "izimpawulo". Iqiniso ukuthi uyabhukuda, futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi endulo cabotage. Floating komunye izimpawulo kuya imikhumbi ayizange ukuwela imingcele kwamanye amazwe, ngaleyo ndlela aqhubekisela into ezifana zokuthutha National olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalezo zinsuku, lokho kwakusho ukuthi umkhumbi ukwenza uhambo ngaphandle kokuya olwandle. Ngakho wahlamba futhi amaViking, amaGreki futhi abaseGibhithe. Yabizwa kwezikhathi zethu nokuba igama nencazelo yalo. Ezweni lanamuhla ukuthutha ezinjalo lasolwandle yomthengisi, umqondo wegama elithi "cabotage" wanamathela njengoba eside olusemthethweni. Nokho, akusho ukuthi umkhumbi engenzi uphume ku yolwandle oluvulekile, futhi kuphela ukweqa ka emngceleni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Soviet Union, ngakho leli gama ngokuthi Ezokuthutha, okuyinto ngaphakathi kwamanzi:

• Black futhi Azov iziLwandle.
• White Sea kanye ne-Arctic Ocean.
• Japan, uLwandle Okhotsk noLwandle Bering.

Ngokuvamile, nezitsha ezithile senzelwe ngomkhumbi onjalo.

Izinzuzo traffic

zokuthutha Marine ezweni lanamuhla bathola impendulo kakhudlwana futhi omuhle kakhulu futhi kuyanda. Ngenxa yokuthi iplanethi yethu imbozwe amanzi emithanjeni yegazi, yokuxhuma nomunye, ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ngemikhumbi akubangi nobunzima. Lolu hlobo zokuthutha uthembeke ngokwanele futhi bespereboen. Futhi inzuzo enkulu wukuthi izindleko zokuthutha ezinjalo kuba ishibhile kuka, isibonelo, emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo izimpahla ezithile Awukwazi ukuhambisa kubo ngendiza noma umgwaqo ovulekile emishinini, kuyilapho phezu kolwandle ke kungenziwa ngokushesha futhi kalula.

izinhlobo cabotage

Kunezinhlobo eziningana lolu hlobo zokuthutha. Ukuze uqale, cabangela-ke kusukela umbono zensimu, lapho kukhona inqubo:

• Mainland cabotage - ngomkhumbi emkhunjini kanye ezwekazini, ngenkathi akungeni imbobo, esisogwini eziqhingini ukuthi State.
• Isiqhingi cabotage - kulesi simo isitsha ongenza izindiza esusela ezwekazini iye esiqhingini futhi emuva, futhi phakathi kwabantu kulezi ziqhingi, kodwa akusho uhambe ngalé kwemingcele yezwe labo.

Uma sicabangela cabotage kusukela umbono kwale misele, kukhona umehluko:

• cabotage Maritime - wenza ukuthutha kwanoma iyiphi wezimpahla noma abantu ukufinyelela noma cha ukufinyelela yolwandle oluvulekile.
• River cabotage - akubandakanyi ukubhukuda olwandle, futhi kuphela ukuhamba emfuleni maphakathi nezwe nemifula. Muva nje, lolu hlobo zokuthutha cishe akazange asebenzise, kusukela inqwaba izakhiwo yokufakelwa zikwenza ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile phezu kwemifula.

Uma ucabangela uhlobo lokuqala ngomkhumbi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ke:

• cabotage Small, okusho ukunyakaza phakathi nomzimba amanzi efanayo, ngokuyinhloko ezingasogwini, hhayi phandle emanzini evulekile.
• Elikhulu, lapho uhamba umkhumbi ulwandle olulodwa kwesinye, noma aphume olwandle.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ezinkulu cabotage imikhumbi ungumnikazi Greece, nezokuthutha efanayo ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wezwe.

izinhlobo izinkantolo

Coaster - akulutho like umkhumbi, okwenza lokuthumela kwelinye izwe ngeke uhambe ngalé kwemingcele yayo. Le mikhumbi kunezinhlobo eziningana futhi ngamunye has izici zayo siqu. Ukuze ezokuthutha ngempumelelo izimpahla kumele ucabangisise kahle, uhlobo olunjani lomkhumbi nithutha ke ukugwema izinkinga phakathi nohambo lwasolwandle. Isisindo esincane okungakusiza ukuba yimuphi umkhumbi ezinjalo kuba amathani abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, okwenza ezokuthutha enjalo kukhanga kakhulu, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene eside ukulethwa isikhathi ngenxa yesivinini esiphansi. Sibala izinhlobo ezivamile:

• Cargo umkhumbi - isetshenziselwa ukuthutha ukudla okuqinile, futhi ukudla okuqinile ngobuningi noma izimpahla eziya okuyinto zahlanganiswa ngo iziqukathi ekhethekile;
• Isitsha - eyenzelwe ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla phama iziqukathi olukhethekile osayizi abathile;
• ro-ro - eline imishini yakhelwe ukuthutha ezihlukahlukene izimoto;
• ngamaloli - isetshenziselwa ukuthutha izimpahla ketshezi, okuyinto batheleka amathangi akhethekile ekupheleni diving is akhishwa phakathi amathangi ekhethekile;
• esiqandisini - ifakwe amakamelo ezikhethekile abandayo senzelwe imikhiqizo iyashabalala;
• ukuxegiselwa - ikakhulukazi yasungulwa umkhumbi ukuthuthwa umentshisi; uma kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona izinkinga loading izimpahla ngenxa yokuntuleka emkhathini, imikhiqizo ukhwezwe umentshisi encane, iziphi ke ibekwe esitsheni esikhulu, ifakwe ezisekelweni ekhethekile ukukhweza.

isici zomthetho

Njengoba ubona, cabotage - umqondo enezici ukuthi inezici eziningi. Kodwa into eyinhloko kulesi simo - ukuthobela yonke izici ezingokomthetho. Kubalulekile kakhulu kokubili Umthumeli nomamukeli izimpahla ukuze uthole zonke njengoba yayinjalo. Ngakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale yokulayisha impahla, amaqembu kumele kudingeke ukuthi usayine inkontileka. Ngaphansi inkontileka, omunye owayehilelekile kulolu ubuso esiphathiswa uthembisa ukuletha izimpahla ngaphandle umonakalo futhi sidlule ngqo omunye owayehilelekile kulolu ubuso umamukeli. Ngenxa yalesi esiphathiswa uthola imali yangaphambi bavumelana.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umlando ubudlelwane zomthetho kule ndawo kuhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho ke Abanikazi wenza kwezinkambiso ukubhuka esilawula izinto ezahlukene ongazikhetha zokuthutha. Isihluthulelo lokhu kuye kwaba njalo ukuletha izimpahla njengoba yayinjalo noma akhokhe isinxephezelo uma yokulahlekelwa noma ukonakala izimpahla.

imibhalo

Ngaphezu kwalokho inkontileka, kukhona namanye amadokhumenti elawula lokuthumela. Phakathi kwabo:

• i-invoyisi - idokhumenti main ngemiyalo yezikhulu umkhiqizo;
• ulwandle waybill;
• dock irisidi;
• ezigunyaza ukuthi ilethwe;
• Kokuthola itilosi;
• ishede irisidi.

imibhalo abahlukahlukene sisetshenzisiwe phakathi zokuthutha, futhi hlobo kuncike oda elisungulwe inkampani zokuhamba, futhi ukuzimisela umthumeli.