Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. nezikhungo zomphakathi Political

Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi ezweni lanamuhla - iqoqo ezithile izinhlangano kanye nezikhungo nge chain lakhe yokuphathwa nokugcinwa komsebenzi isakhiwo, iziqondiso kanye nezimiso ahlele ubudlelwane zezombusazwe phakathi kwabantu kanye nezinhlangano. Lena indlela yokuhlela umphakathi, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba lelisu imibono ethile zezombusazwe, ngenxa isimo nezidingo. Njengoba ubona, umqondo ngempela ebanzi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ucabangele izici zayo ngokuningiliziwe.

ngezigaba

Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi zihlukaniswe izikhungo iqhaza namandla. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa izinhlangano ukuthi amandla yomphakathi emazingeni ehlukene phezulu, futhi owokuqala - zemiphakathi izakhiwo. Institutions kwamandla nokubamba iqhaza kuyinto zezombusazwe esimisweni sezenhlalo ukuthi unesikhathi ubuqotho ezithile futhi organically baxhumana abadlali inqubomgomo kanye nezinye izakhi izindaba zezombangazwe.

amandla indlela

Mshini lekungenelela kwetembusave kunqunywa umsebenzi lwaletinye tifundvo, omunye okuyizinto izinhlangano zezombusazwe. State - umzimba omkhulu onegunya oqhubeka lonke igunya phezu izindlela nezindlela bawasebenzise. Kuyinto uhulumeni ihlanganisa ngemisebenzi yalo lonke umphakathi namalungu awo ngabanye, ukwazi ngokugcwele ukuveza izithakazelo bezinhlanga ezahlukene zomphakathi kanye amakilasi, yakha Idivayisi yokulawula alawule sphere ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Umthetho nokuhleleka nendawo ekhethekile ukuqaliswa kahle kwemandla embuso. Futhi umthetho ukunikeza semthethweni izinqubomgomo bagqugquzela izikhungo kwamandla.

Indima umphakathi

Esinye isikhungo esiyinhloko isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona - kuba kakhulu nomphakathi, ogama uhlaka kanye imisebenzi amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano. Phakathi ezikhathini zanamuhla eYurophu nase-United States kwamiswa njengoba enjalo futhi kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi, okwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya izinguquko sesimanje. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi kukhona izikhungo main ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Isimo ke uba namandla oqondile, ukuba ayitholwa ngokuphelele yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile ngisho nobudlova e zendawo ethile. A omphakathi kuyinto uhlobo oluthile bokungafani.

Umbono Maurice Hauriou

Umsunguli we institutionalism, uprofesa wezomthetho kusukela France Moris Oriu, uthathwa umphakathi njengoba iqoqo lenqwaba izikhungo ezahlukene. Wabhala ukuthi izindlela zomphakathi nezomphakathi - liwukuphela kwenhlangano, okuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela abantu, kodwa futhi enhle, umbono, isimiso. izikhungo zomphakathi zezombangazwe kukhishwe amandla emalungeni ayo sibonga izakhi abalwe ngenhla. Uma ekuqaleni umbuthano ezithile abantu ndawonye futhi sidala inhlangano elihlangene, ngesikhathi bonke yakhe engenayo benamandla imibono kanye nokuvunyelwa kwazo ukuthi ubunye, kungase ngokufanele ngokuthi Institute ndawonye. Waqondisa Umqondo uwukuthi lwentando lesi simanga.

Ukwahlukanisa Hauriou

Institutionalists lalihlukene kulandela izikhungo ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi: yenkampani (okubandakanya uhulumeni, izinhlangano ezohwebo kanye nemiphakathi, izinyunyana, amasonto) kanye rem okuthiwa (umthetho). Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zinezikhathi njengohlobo oluthile onobuhle ekahle nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Lezi zezombusazwe tikhungo tetenhlalo kuhluke kanje: owokuqala ekhona amaqembu omphakathi, kanti isixuku esikhulu ingasetshenziswa iyiphi inhlanganisela nokuthi babe inhlangano yabo.

Kwagxilwa ekutheni izikhungo yenkampani. Sinenkosi nezici eziningi ezivamile, nobuntu imiphakathi ezizimele: eqondisa umqondo, iqoqo elawula imithetho kanye Ukuhleleka kokuhlala kwamandla. umsebenzi Isimo sika - ukuba aqondise futhi beluleke ukuphila ezomnotho nezenhlalo, kanti hlangothi umlamuli amandla kazwelonke Ngokulondoloza bafakwe uhlelo eyodwa zilingana. Kuze kube manje, inqubomgomo waseRussia kufanele zibe ngale isiqondiso esiqhubekayo.

uhlelo Isici

Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi kukhona komsele lapho amandla loluphelele. Bona njani budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye izinhlangano wombuso kanye izakhamuzi, ukucacisa nasekuphumeleleni kweluhlelo yenhlangano zezombusazwe. uhlelo Political - nesigcino zonke lezi zici. isici Functional kuyinto umbuso wawo wezombangazwe. Kuyini lokhu? Lena iqoqo othize ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki ngokuqinisekile izinhlobo isimo izindlela nezindlela, ekhona futhi ezimisiwe ubudlelwane phakathi umphakathi bese uhulumeni, amafomu ekhona nemibono, ekilasini nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Iyahlukahluka kuye ngezinga of inkululeko ubuhlobo ngamunye kanye nomphakathi phakathi umphakathi bese isimo kuthiwa izindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo: kobushiqela, elibuswa ngentando yabantu wobushiqela.

Democracy imodi ethandwa kakhulu

Amaziko main isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona umphakathi kanye nobuhlobo babo ukubonile arcade ngesibonelo yelinyenti, elisho yenhlangano zokuphila emphakathini nakwezombangazwe, okuyinto libhekene kukhethwa labantu okuhlukene yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Inqubo yentando yeningi ngokuvamile yayihlanganisa lonke izinhlangano zezombusazwe, njengoba kule modi kudinga esiphezulu umsebenzi kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe yibo bonke izingxenye sabantu, futhi livulekele ongakhetha ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Democracy ngayinye se ayidingekile kulolu shintsho olukhulu elibusayo izinhlangano zezombusazwe, kodwa ezingaba ngokuqinisekile lapho. Amaqembu ezombusazwe, ukunyakaza social kanye nezinhlangano zezombusazwe kuleli imodi owawudinga ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imiphakathi yeningi Bengilokhu libhekene ukungaqiniseki njengoba izinhloso zezombangazwe nezenhlalo empeleni yayo kanye imvelaphi kukhona ngokuqhubekayo variable. Bahlale bekulungele kuyanda impikiswano kakhulu ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ukungqubuzana angaphansi izinguquko zaphakade.

Kuyini isimo umthetho?

Leli gama kungatholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo e wezifundo zezombusazwe. Kodwa kusho ukuthini? isimo Legal - sikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu yeningi. It izenzo neziphathimandla njalo engavimba nohlaka zokuziphatha, lwetemtsetfo netembusave. Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi esimweni wezomthetho abantu, ukudala izimo alinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe babo, isikhundla emphakathini, isimo, isivumokholo, umbala, kanye nokunye. UMthethosisekeleo kohlaka isimo ophethe endaweni ekhethekile futhi kuyisici eliletha ukuthula, esihlinzeka nokubikezela ezithile umthetho mgomo. Kuyinto kuqala isimiso nomthetho hhayi izinto ezifana umthombo wamandla kuyinto yekucala nomthetho. Singasho ukuthi ilungiselelo eliyinhloko isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona of umthetho - umthetho ngokwawo, esebenza lapha ithuluzi main kuphela futhi ngokomthetho amahlangothi ahlukahlukeneko wokuthintana ukuzwana nabantu.

Udaba zezikhungo

Amaziko ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi ngokuvamile uhlangabezana nezinkinga ku ukuxhumana umbono womphakathi, kubalulekile ikakhulukazi esikhathini ezinguquko kanye ushintsho ohlelweni samandla mpo. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona umbuzo mayelana siyidinga ukuqaphela izikhungo ezintsha nezindala, kodwa akuvamile kwandisa indima umphakathi ngomhla zibheke futhi isidingo khona kwalezi zikhungo nhlobo. amaqembu amaningi ezombusazwe kanye nokunyakaza social akakwazi ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga.

Izinkinga oyinhloko mkhuba

Kukhona izinkomba ezimbili kulo magazini. Okokuqala, izikhungo ezintsha ngeke ngokushesha ukuwina ukuqashelwa nokusekelwa kwemibono yomphakathi. Okwesibili, ngaphandle imikhankaso emikhulu ukuqwashisa imisebenzi yayo abezindaba, ngaphandle ukhiye ukwesekwa isici kusukela kakade ezimisiwe futhi onethonya izigwili zombusazwe namandla, izikhungo entsha ayikwazi ukwenza ngendlela yayo. Ukuze emazweni post ekufuneni kwabo ngenxa yeningi futhi inkinga efanele futhi ukusebenza imihlola ezifana nezikhungo ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Kulokhu, kukhona umjikelezo omubi. New zezombusazwe amabutho yeningi ayikwazi ngokushesha kusebenze, njengoba kungekho tekwesekela lokwenele yiningi kanti izigwili, futhi uthole ukwesekwa futhi aqaphele ukuthi semthethweni bengayi, ngoba emehlweni uquqaba akuzona ngempumelelo futhi akakwazi ukusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nomphakathi. ilokho "isono" kulesigaba kwezombangazwe Russian.

Ukuhlaziya ukuphumelela umbuso wentando yeningi kanye nezikhungo zayo

Icubungula izikhungo zomthetho ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi, kuyacaca ukuthi ziyasebenza ngempela ngenxa inqubo eside impela kokukhula kwayo nendawo emphakathini isiko. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni okusezingeni eliphezulu yeningi Western kudingeka ukusho kuphela kusukela ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuvunywa izikhungo ezintsha kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe senzeka ngezigaba ezintathu. Eyokuqala - ukwakheka kanye kumiswa, kwesibili - ke legitimization nokubonwa umphakathi, eyesithathu - lithathelwe kanye okwalandela ukwanda ukusebenza kahle. Kuyinto sesibili kuthatha isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, futhi awokuthi kweqa emuva isigaba sokuqala. nakho okungokomlando kubonisa ukuthi "isakhiwo intando yeningi", okumqoka - enikeza orientation yezenhlalakahle nokulandela izithakazelo umphakathi.

Ukubaluleka ephalamende

Sovereignty of lonke labantu owawusekelwe isimo ngokusebenzisa umzimba omele ebonisa intando lilonke bonke abavoti. Lokho ephalamende sikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu yeningi nokubusa komthetho, ngaphandle okuyinto yedimokhrasi engacabangeki nhlobo. izici Isici iPhalamende: i collegiality ngesinqumo-making kanye abasebenzi lokhetho. Kwamaphini, abakhethiwe ngamalungu ayo yizona ezimelela ngqo intando abantu kanye nobuholi obuphethe uHulumeni umphakathi. IPalamende yenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile, kodwa eziyinhloko:

- zomthetho, kusukela ePhalamende kuphela onelungelo amandla okumisa imithetho ukuthi ziyisibopho wonke jikelele;

- elilawulayo, okuyinto sivezwe kula ukuqapha uhulumeni nekulawulwa wezenzo zawo (imvume amalungu, ukulalela kanye nezinye imibiko).