Amathumbu amakhulu: imisebenzi kanye nesakhiwo

Uhlelo lokugaya umuntu, olubandakanya intumbu enkulu, lubonakala ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi yeminyango yawo ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuxilonga ukuphazamiseka kokugaya, okuthinta ukufika kwesikhathi kanye nokusebenza kwama-agent zokwelashwa nezindlela. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi ngokulimala kwemvelo, kanye nesimo sengqondo sokungabi nabulungiswa komuntu empilweni yakhe, inani lezifo zesifo sofuba landa emhlabeni. Bavame ukuphenduka ifomu elingapheli, ukunciphisa ubude kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila komuntu. Lesi sihloko senzelwe ukuchaza ngendlela efinyeleleka ngayo isakhiwo nemisebenzi yamathumbu amancane omkhulu omuntu, futhi nokujwayela ukukhathazeka okuvame kakhulu emisebenzini yale minyango yegciwane lokugaya.

Izici ezijwayelekile zesistimu yokugaya ukudla

Umsebenzi wakhe ungafaniswa nefektri enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kokudla, ukwehlukaniswa kwayo, ukulinganisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto. Emnyangweni ngamunye wesistimu kunezimpendulo ezithile eziphathelene nokuphikisana kwezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanya i-arsenal ye-enzyme nezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo, isibonelo, amavithamini.

Amathumbu amakhulu, isakhiwo nemisebenzi esiyifundelayo, kuthiwa i-physiologically ithathwa njengelungu elibandakanya ekusithekeni, ukugaya, ukumunca nokususwa kwezinto ezivela eziqenjini eziphezulu. Ukuze uqonde imisebenzi, qala ucabange ukuthi i-intestine enkulu ihlelwe kanjani.

Amakhanda emathumbu amakhulu

Emalungiselelo akhetolo, izingqimba ezine zibonakala ngokucacile: ama-mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous. Banikeza imisebenzi esemqoka yekoloni lomuntu: ukwakheka kwe-lymphocytes edlala indima yokuzivikela, ukuhlanganiswa kwamavithamini B kanye ne-vitamin K ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-bacteria flora ezuzisayo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-mucus, okuthuthukisa intuthuko ye-chyme. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yekoloni ukukhipha kwamanzi kanye nezixazululo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo ezingavamile, okuholela ekusungulweni kwamanzi avela ku-chyme.

I-Morphology yamathumbu amakhulu

Iba nobude obufinyelela ku-1.5 m futhi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezingu-6: i-cecum nge-appendicitis, ekhuphuka, ehambayo, ehla kanye ne-sigmoid colon, kanye ne-rectum. Ukuba khona kwezintambo eziyisikhombisa zesikhumba eside ezidlula emathunjini amakhulu, kunika izimpande ze-pendulum kanye ne-peristaltic ezindongeni zayo. Nge-palpation, i-colon ingatholakala kalula, ngoba i-mucosa yabo ineziphakamiso zokungeza okunye nokunciphisa. Zakhiwa kulezo zindawo lapho imisipha yomzimba yamathumbu ibonakala kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuphelele ngokwengeziwe kwemisebenzi yekoloni lomuntu, ake sicabangele izici zomnyango wayo wokuqala.

I-cecum

Kutholakala ku-peritoneum e-iliac efanele, inamade ubude obuyi-3 kuya ku-10 cm futhi ifana nengxowa. Kusukela ngemuva kwesithasiselo kuya. Izindonga ze-cecum zivikela ama-enzyme, ngokwesibonelo, i-secretin, ngenxa yokuthi i-chyme igajwe. Ukuphumelela kwamanzi ngokweqile nakho kwenzeka.

I-appendix ye-vermiform iqukethe ama-micro-nodules enza imisebenzi yokuzivikela. Futhi kuwo kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe-microflora ewusizo. I-pathologies ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-cecum ihlanganisa u-typhlitis, u-appendicitis, izicubu nama-polyps.

Ikhuphuka futhi ihamba nge-colon

Ziyi-continuous cecum futhi azifihli izinyimba ze-digestive, kepha zibandakanyeka kuphela ekutheni amanzi athole ukwelashwa. Lokhu kuholela ekuqiniseni i-chyme nokubunjwa kwamanzi avela kuwo. Amathumbu amakhulu, okusebenza kwawo ngokuyinhloko ukukhishwa kwezinsalela zokudla okungapheli, uphonsa: kwesokudla (hepatic) futhi kwesokunxele (i-splenic), ngokubhekisela ekoloni ehamba phambili. Imisebenzi yayo yikhiqiza ukwakhiwa kwamanzi kanye nokuxubha kwamanzi kanye ne-electrolytes. Izifo ezihambisana nekoloni ekhuphuka zihlanganisa i-diverticulosis, i-polyposis, i-megacolon ye-aganglionic (isifo sikaHirschsprung), i-colitis.

I-colon eguquguqukayo inebude obukhulu kakhulu. Kusukela phezulu, ixhumana nesibindi, isilonda senyongo, isigaba se-spleen nomsila we-pancreas. Izindonga zalo ziyaqhubeka zihlanganisa ubisi kanye namanzi ashisayo namaminerali.

Ukugaya emathunjini amakhulu

Yenziwa ngenxa ye-enzyme yamanzi emathumbu: i-cathepsin, i-peptidase, i-lipase, i-amylase. Umsebenzi wabo ungamaphesenti angaba ngu-200 ngaphansi kwaleyo enzymes ehambelanayo yamathumbu amancane. Iqiniso libaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthi izinqubo ze-cleavage emathunjini amakhulu zidinga ukutholakala kwama-probiotics-amaqembu ezincane ezincane ezinquma i-cellulose. Lokhu kufaka i-bifidobacteria, i-lactobacilli.

Emathunjini amakhulu, inqwaba yabo yonke ingu-3-5 kg futhi kuthiwa yi-microflora yamathumbu. Ukwandisa ukuvinjelwa kwamanzi emathunjini emathunjini, kuphazamisa umzimba wamaphrotheni-amaminerali, kubambe iqhaza ekubunjweni kokuzivikela. Amathumbu amakhulu, okusebenza kwawo esiwashiwo, aphilile ngokomzimba, uma kusetshenziselwa umzimba ukuthi izinqubo zokuvutshelwa nokugcwala zilinganiselwe. Ngokushesha nje lapho ukwakhiwa kwe-microflora kushintsha (isibonelo, uma kunokukhathazeka kokudla noma ngenxa yezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi ama-antibiotics), amabhaktheriya angenawo amagciwane asebenzayo futhi izifo zenzeka: i-colitis, i-dysbacteriosis, i-dyspepsia.

Yehla kanye ne-sigmoid colon

Endaweni yokuguquguquka kwe-splenic kukhona isigaba esingamamitha angu-30 ubude, lapho izinqubo zokumunca kwamanzi kanye ne-electrolytes nokuhamba kwe-stool ziyaqhubeka. Ibizwa ngokuthi ikholoni ehla. Esikhathini somzimba wethambo le- aliac liyingxenye yalo, ene-sphincter ye-Bally. Okulandelayo, cabangela ukuthi yini umsebenzi womathumbu omkhulu engxenyeni yokugcina yekoloni, okuthiwa i-colmo sigmoid. Iyingxenye yeselula. Uma kuzwakala ngesikhathi sokukhala, kusho ukuthi kukhona ukuvuvukala emgqonyeni we-sigmoid, okuhambisana nokuqoqwa kokuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye negesi. Kuye, njengasekholoni eguquguqukayo, kuvame ukwehla ku-peristalsis, okuholela esimweni sokuqothulwa - ukulibaziseka okuncane kwe-defecation. Kule minyango ukuthi intombazane enkulu, okusebenza kwayo - ukuthutha nokukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi - yakha izixuku zesibalo, bese ufaka i-rectum.

Ukuphulwa kwesigaba se-sigmoid kunemiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu. Uma kuvuvukala (i-colitis noma i-sigmoiditis), isifo sohudo nesiphithiphithi esibuhlungu esifundeni se-leal kwesokunxele se-peritoneum siyatholakala. Zihambisana nokuqhaqhazela nokubamba. Ukunciphisa umzimba ngokwemvelo ukunyakaza kwe-pendulum kanye nokuphazamiseka emgodini we-sigmoid kungase kube nzima ukuphila ngendlela yokuphila, ukungadli kahle, ukungasebenzi kahle kwefiber kanye nezitshalo zezitshalo. Umphumela walezi zinkinga ukuqothulwa, okuholela ekudakisweni komzimba wonke. Esikhathini se-sigmoid colon, ukwakheka kwezingubo ezinjenge-hernial-like-protrusions, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni i-diverticulosis. Kuvame kakhulu ekugugeni, kuhlanganiswe nesifo sofuba esisathukuthele. Izimpawu zakhe zithinta ukuxubha kanye nesifo sohudo, isicashu, isifo somkhuhlane. Lesi sifo singase sibe nzima kakhulu nge-abscess futhi kuyingozi kakhulu.

Isilinganiso

Yona mnyango wokugcina we-canal digestive. I-dina yakhe ifika ku-15 cm. Amathumbu amakhulu, asebenza kulo mkhakha wamaphethelo emathunjini kufanele asuse isitoloni, aphethwe ngomsele ongumdala kanye nokuvuleka komuntu. I-rectum inezinhlaka: owokuqala emngceleni ngekhamoni ye-sigmoid, lezi zintathu ezilandelayo zibizwa ngokuthi i-proximal, yangaphandle nangaphandle. Bonke babamba iqhaza kwinqubo evamile yokuhlonza. Ingqimba yamangqamuzana ye-rectum inezinhlanzi ngezindinganiso ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-anal sinus.

Phakathi kwabo kanye nokuvulwa kwesilwane kune-site annular - indawo ye-hemorrhoidal. Kulo, ngenxa yendwangu engaphansi kwe-submucosal, ukulula nokuhamba kancane kwebhulegi lamangqamuzana, ama-capillary ezinamazinyo amaningi emithanjeni ye-rectum ne-veins, kungenzeka. I-vein ye-rectal engenayo ayinayo i-valve, ngakho izindonga zayo zivame ukukhula - lokhu kuholela ekujuleni kwenhliziyo kanye nokubonakala kwamaconsi ahlambalaza. Uhlelo lymphatic of rectum luhlanganyela ekuzivikelweni futhi luvimbela ukusabalala kokutheleleka.

Kulesi sihloko, safunda isakhiwo nemisebenzi eyisisekelo yekoloni.