Yokulinganisa zomculo izici metrological. izinkomba Main Metrology

A indima ebalulekile emnothweni wase-yiliphi izwe ukudlala amazinga Metrology, lapho nesilinganiso nemingcele ngokomzimba lezinto ezingafaniko. Ngenxa yale njongo, amathuluzi yokulinganisa zisetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto kulawulwa imithetho ehlukene. Uyini ngokucacile yeziqondiso Metrology eRussia? Yini umthetho libhekene ukwamukelwa nokusebenzisa Metrology?

Kuyini Metrology?

Ukuze uqale ukufunda ezinye amaphuzu theory, khomba izici of Metrology. amathuluzi Ukulinganisa, metrological izici - imigomo ezihlobene nale legatsha ngokwesayensi.

Izikhombisi eyinhloko Metrology:

- imfundiso yokuziphendukela izilinganiso;

- ukusetshenziswa lucobo;

- izinkinga ukunquma ukunemba izilinganiso ezahlukene, nekufana ekutholeni izindlela zayo;

- kukhethwa amazinga kanye amasampula, kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo okungokoqobo ezinhlakeni ezahlukene emnothweni.

Isihloko esikhulu se-cwaningo olucutshungulwayo isiyalo - izindlela namathuluzi, ezisetshenziswa ukuze kubhekelelwe izinto ezithile, esekelwe yabo isisindo, ubude, ivolumu, amandla, nokunye ..

Nemiqondo eyisisekelo asetshenziswa Metrology:

- ipharamitha ngokomzimba (okuyinto impahla into, okuyinto liwuhlukanise ngokuvumelana izimfuneko ezithile kusuka kwenye, noma ngabe ngokwanele efana ke);

- wokulinganisa (inqubo Kuhilela ukuthola value ezithile ipharamitha ngokomzimba ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ezahlukene futhi uma iqhathaniswa amagugu ejwayelekile);

- izindlela yokulinganisa futhi ukuqapha - amathuluzi ukusetshenziselwa nesilinganiso iyunithi ipharamitha ngokomzimba.

Uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile mayelana izindlela zokulinganisa, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi akukho neyodwa kulezi zinkolo kungenziwa okwethulwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

ngezigaba

Endabeni jikelele ngaphansi nesilinganiso kusho elivame ukuqondwa ngayo ithuluzi ubunjiniyela actuated ukuze ukukala izinto ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto eye benganhlanhlathi imingcele metrological aguqulelwe ukudlala noma isitoreji imingcele ethile ebekiwe lapho value yokutholwa njalo ngaphakathi esethiwe isikhawu sesikhathi.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ukwamukelwa uhlobo yokulinganisa zomculo eRussia ezingeni likahulumeni, ezifana Federal Agency for Technical Regulation futhi Metrology. Yiziphi izici ngezigaba zawo? Ukulinganisa izindlela (izici metrological zihlobene eduze ethemini) kungenzeka amelwe, ikakhulukazi:

- ngesilinganiso (njenge-ejenti okuyinto kucushiwe ukuze zikwazi ukuzala nemingcele ngokomzimba of usayizi ethile);

- idivayisi (njenge-ejenti okuyinto kucushiwe ukuze ukhiqize isignali ethize sokulinganisa idatha ngendlela kusebenziseka kalula);

- inverter (njenge-ejenti esetshenziswa ukuze ukhiqize isibonakaliso idatha yokukala ukuba yadluliselwa kucutshungulwe ngaphakathi ingqalasizinda bazibandakanye);

- wokulinganisa uhlelo (ezifana iqoqo amathuluzi asetshenziswayo ukuze ukhiqize amasignali nesilinganiso ngefomethi oyifunayo kuhlanganise umsebenzisi).

Enye ngezigaba nenqubomgomo yokulinganisa zomculo - ezingeni ezishintshayo. Ngakho, zingabantu:

- i-automatic;

- ingxenye ezenzakalelayo;

- ezinokuthula.

izindlela Metrological yokulinganisa ingaphinda oluthathwa esekelwe Standardization yabo. Ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo:

- zilandele izilinganiso ezithile;

- angahlelekile.

Enye ngezigaba nenqubomgomo yokulinganisa zomculo - ukusebenza ngaphakathi wesifunda Samandla. Ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo:

- namazinga;

- Amathuluzi.

Omunye umbandela ezibalulekile sokulinganisa zomculo - ukubaluleka ipharamitha elinganisiwe. Kususelwa kule umbandela, angase:

- eziyisisekelo;

- osizayo.

Esimweni sokuqala ukulinganisa liyipharamitha ngokomzimba ukuthi kubalulekile ngokuya ikhambi ngempumelelo umsebenzi wokulinganisa. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kukhona insimbi sokulinganisa, izici metrological edinga nesilinganiso kuphela nemingcele ezinethonya esinomkhawulo, kodwa ukubhaliswa kunjalo ezibalulekile futhi zidinga.

Manje ake sicabangele isimo langempela le izici metrological amathuluzi kubhekwe. Omunye kule mithombo kuyoba izivakashi kithi, elawula ukusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda ezifanele.

Izimfanelo metrological zomculo yokulinganisa

Ngokuhambisana amazinga kahulumeni elawula ngendlela ezidinga manipulation insimbi sokulinganisa, izici metrological - lena nemingcele lobuchwepheshe ezichaza izakhiwo amathuluzi abafanele kanye ezithinta imiphumela izilinganiso ezahlukene kwenziwa ngezinhloso nokuhlola izinga yabo, kanye ukuba kahle ukunquma imiphumela yabo.

Izimfanelo okukhulunywa kungaba kwesejwayelekile noma zokuhlola. Okokuqala ezilotshwe imibhalo ejwayelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye ukuthi lifakwa isimo kwakhiwa ukubhalisa VNIIMS izindlela wokulinganisa. Okwesibili zisetshenziswa kanjani esimweni esithile ikhumbula senqubo yokukhiqiza noma imvelo lapho izilinganiso lwenziwa.

Izici ukubhalisa yokulinganisa zomculo

Kuyasiza sihlole kabanzi lokho iyona State Register of amathuluzi wokulinganisa. Le imithombo kuyingxenye Federal Imininingwane Fund beyobe behileleke ukuze bahlole izinqumo ukuthi zavunyelwa Rosstandart. Register of amathuluzi yokulinganisa kuhlukaniswe abonisa ulwazi:

- amathuluzi Rosstandart sivunyiwe, izitifiketi zezimali isingeniso yokulinganisa zomculo;

- amakhophi ezithile zomculo evunyiwe Rosstandart;

- accredited izikhungo zomphakathi, olwenziwa ukuhlolwa yokulinganisa zomculo.

ukugcina irejista imigomo

ebhukwini Okubukwe inakekelwa ukuze:

- amathuluzi ezimali nokukala;

- kumiswa Isikhwama eyodwa ulwazi izinqumo ezifanele eziye kugunyazwe ukukhishwa yizinkampani Russian, kanye ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene emnothweni;

- Ukubhaliswa izikhungo accredited ezihilelekile ukuhlolwa yokulinganisa zomculo;

- lokulandisa elikhiphe Isitifiketi isingeniso yokulinganisa zomculo, kanye nezitifiketi kwezikhungo accredited ezihilelekile ukuhlolwa,

- isofthiwe Accounting ukuhlolwa nesilinganiso amathuluzi;

- Ulwazi ukusekela izakhamuzi, izinhlangano ezithile kanye Metrology izikhungo ithi kazwelonke ukuthi iqhaza ukubambisana on ukuqashelwa kanye nokuqaliswa ukuhlolwa yokulinganisa zomculo.

Okuqukethwe irejista

Ukuze uhlobo ithuluzi ngamunye, imininingwane ezilotshwe Register, benzelwe:

- igama;

- Inombolo yokubhaliswa;

- injongo;

- ezweni lendabuko;

- umakhi;

- igama isikhungo yokuhlola;

- kwenkathi isitifiketi;

- ulwazi isikhawu phakathi ukuqinisekiswa;

- ulwazi inqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Ukwamukelwa uhlobo oluthile ithuluzi lokulinganisa wenziwa Rosstandart esekelwe imiphumela yokuhlolwa amathuluzi olufanele labetibambile izikhungo isimo ezikhethekile.

Uma sikhuluma indzima yembuso e ukulawulwa nokusetshenziswa amathuluzi okukhulunywa ngakho, nokuthi, umphelelisi irejista isimo wadala yokulinganisa VNIIMS ngokuya uhlu umsebenzi ochwepheshe owayeqhuba isifundo nemingcele ngokomzimba ezindaweni ezahlukene, kungenzeka ukuba banake ezindaweni ezinjalo umsebenzi izakhiwo isimo njengoba yokuqinisekisa kanye nezitifiketi izilinganiso ingqalasizinda. Masitadishe lesi sici kabanzi.

Ukuqinisekisa namathuluzi wokulinganisa

Ngakho, kanye imisebenzi efana, isibonelo, ukwamukelwa uhlobo zomculo wokulinganisa, uhulumeni isebenza ukuphatha ukusebenza kwabo. Ikakhulukazi, isiqondiso ezifana yokuqinisekisa. Ezilawulwayo ukuziphatha ahlukene umthetho walo sikahulumeni.

Ngokuhambisana bezimiso zawo, ukuqinisekiswa nesilinganiso izinsimbi eziningi Kuphoqelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, nesilinganiso isimo kusho ngaphambi lo msebenzi, kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe ukulungisa yabo kufanele ihlolwe - e eyinhloko noma gqwa Uhlobo lomcimbi elihambisana.

Umsebenzi lezi abasebenzisi amathuluzi - lokufeza amasheke ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi. Ngomqondo onabile, ama-ejenti kwezomnotho Unelungelo ukuma baqine, kodwa isimo sayo kuphela ngaphansi eyodwa - khona sokugunyazwa semisebenzi emkhakheni nokugcinwa ubunye izilinganiso lobuchwepheshe. Kwezinye izimo, isici sokuqinisekisa uyakuba kwenziwe yisevisi ezikhethekile metrological, okuyinto imfundo abagunyaziwe. Njengomthetho, lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho uhulumeni waseRussia kunqunywa uhlu ezithile zomculo yokulinganisa okuyiwona yokuqinisekisa kufanele iqhutshwe ngokuvumelana uhlelo olufanele.

Uma babhekwa inqubo eyenziwa, isitifiketi ikhishwa for ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Abanekhono iminyango kahulumeni ingaqala ekhethekile Samandla izimpawu, kanye isakhiwo idokhumenti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye ejensi kahulumeni ogunyazwe ukuqoqa imiphumela ukuqinisekiswa sokulinganisa zomculo ezihlukahlukene.

Kwezinye izimo, ngisho noma ithuluzi elithile akufakiwe ohlwini yokulinganisa zomculo okuyinto enifeza ukuqinisekiswa kudingekile, umsebenzisi afeze ingqalasizinda inqubo efanele ezifana ngokuzithandela.

amathuluzi Certification nesilinganiso

Ngaphansi kohlaka isiqondiso isimo ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene nesilinganiso futhi kwenziwe izitifiketi ingqalasizinda. essence yayo - Kulindeleke ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ngaphezu kwakho konke ukusetshenziswa ephephile we namanye amadivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuluzi eqinisekisiwe likhona State Register of amathuluzi wokulinganisa. Ngokuvamile, inqubo okukhulunywa kuhilela design:

- Isitifiketi GOST R noma GOST R ithuluzi declaration of conformity;

- isitifiketi ngohlobo amathuluzi wokulinganisa.

Certification engenziwa noma omunye Rosstandart izikhungo egunyaziwe. Certification - inqubo okuyinto, efana yokuqinisekisa, kungase kube isibopho sokuba amathuluzi athile wokulinganisa. Ngokuvamile, lezi zidingo amiselwe amathuluzi wokulinganisa, ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

- imisebenzi amabutho isimo;

- imithi;

- umsebenzi abomthetho;

- ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe;

- wezokwakha;

- kwenkululeko isiqondiso ukuqaliswa kwe-ukufana izilinganiso.

Ukugunyazwa namathuluzi wokulinganisa

Kuyasiza ukusicabangela lesi sici ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi, ukubizwa ngokuthi ukwamukelwa zomculo wokulinganisa. Le nqubo futhi kwenziwe iqhaza isimo njengengxenye ukulawula metrological. Ukwamukelwa uhlobo yokulinganisa izindlela ithwala abanekhono service Metrology. Kulesi isethi:

- Izindlela ekusebenziseni yokuqinisekisa kusho sokulinganisa izici;

- izinkomba ezithile ukuba sithole ukunemba lamanani;

- elilungile amabanga of Samandla yomculo.

Esebenzisa yokulinganisa imiphumela ukwamukelwa abagunyaziwe ayakuphuma idokhumenti ekhethekile. Sikhuluma umthombo sinjalo isitifiketi ukwamukelwa zomculo wokulinganisa. It kungenziwa ikhishwe futhi idivayisi ehlukile, futhi ukukhiqizwa serial izinqumo ezifanele.

Isimo ngoba uhlobo lombhalo wesibili kungenzeka ngokugcinwa nomkhiqizi Ukucaciswa ezithile. Ukuze akhiphe isitifiketi yokulinganisa zomculo, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa imibhalo esikhethekile ezisebenza insimbi. Uma sikhuluma idokhumenti ukuba ukukhiqizwa nqwaba izixazululo, kuba abagunyaziwe iminyaka 5. Ngemva kwalokho, kungenzeka isandiso ngesisekelo isicelo nomakhi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uma isitifiketi ikhishwa ukuze umkhiqizo olulodwa, isikhathi sokuba semthethweni oluhambisana kwesikhathi amadivayisi inkonzo.

Isilawuli Samandla zomculo yokulinganisa

Esinye isici esibalulekile esimisweni somthetho wombuso mkhakha Metrology - izenzo zomthetho, olawula indlela lapho kumele kwenziwe Samandla zomculo wokulinganisa. Kwenzani lokhu gama?

Isilawuli Samandla yokulinganisa zomculo - inqubo okuyinto eyenziwa ukuze kutholakale bese uqinisekisa amagugu langempela izici metrological kanye ukulungela ukusebenza namathuluzi wokulinganisa. Umehluko omkhulu kusukela yokuqinisekisa Samandla - ukuthi inqubo okukhulunywa yaqaphela ngaphezu kwakho konke ngokuphathelene nalabo amathuluzi yokulinganisa ukuthi awekho ngaphansi ukulawula kanye nokuqondisa iziphathimandla zomphakathi.

Ngokuhambisana nomthetho Russian amathuluzi azisebenzi umthetho kahulumeni wensimu ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukufana izilinganiso, njalo yokuzithandela kungenziwa ayikwazi ukukala. Le nqubo Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene amazinga, okuyinto kuqhathaniswa namazinga eyinhloko yezwe, noma uma engekho yabo, nge kazwelonke, okuyinto zamukelwa emazweni angaphandle.

Isilawuli Samandla ozakuba ngabanye - izinhlangano ibhizinisi kanye osomabhizinisi ngamanye kuncike ukudlula kwesikhathi sogunyazo yokuzithandela. Imiphumela yalesi inqubo-ke lungasetshenziswa njengengxenye yokuqinisekisa izindlela ezithile nesilinganiso ngendlela enqunywe Uhulumeni waseRussia. Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le Samandla zomculo yokulinganisa ngokuzithandela, isimo angase kunjalo ukubhalisa elawula ukuziphatha kwalesi nqubo futhi yayo Imiphumela isicelo.