Yini imifelandawonye kwezomnotho khona? Uhlu imifelandawonye yetemnotfo

Noma yiluphi uhlobo yenhlangano lapho amazwe bavumelana kuhlelembisa umsebenzi bese komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali namanye amazwe, ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho. Kusobala ukuthi kukhona degrees eziningi ukuhlanganiswa ezahlukene.

• Isivumelwano Preferential Trade (Pta). Isivumelwano Pta kuyinto ifomu kakhulu eziyisisekelo ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho mhlawumbe. Pta, njengoba umthetho, ukunciphisa ehlongozwayo yamanani kozakwethu emikhakheni ethile umkhiqizo.
• Izoni yohwebo khulula (FTA). It is wadala esimweni lapho iqembu emazweni ukuqeda yamanani bodwa, kodwa kugcina tariff zangaphandle kwepahla bakwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo FTA kuyinto Nafta, okusho yamanani zero emotweni ukungena phakathi US neMexico. Nokho, ilungu amazwe ezingesiyo ingxenye Nafta, kunezinye isethi yamanani semoto ukungena ku eMexico.
• Customs Union. Kuyinto lapho iqembu emazweni ukuqeda yamanani phakathi kwamazwe abo, beka tariff ezivamile kwepahla kusukela lonke izwe.
• Inyunyana Economic. Imakethe olulodwa inikeza ukuhweba at amazinga best, usungula yamanani ezivamile zangaphandle phakathi kwamalungu, futhi kuletha izinzuzo umzabalazo mahhala izimali phakathi kwamazwe. I-European Union sidalwe njengenye iSivumelwano eRoma ngo-1975, imakethe ezivamile
• Inyunyana Economic. amazwe Economic Union bavame ukusekela ukuhweba khulula e izimpahla, ukusungula yamanani ezivamile zangaphandle phakathi kwamalungu, ukuchaza izimo ukunyakaza khulula capital imali. inqubomgomo I-European Union elivamile kwezolimo (CAP) uyisibonelo uhlobo ukubambisana wezimali ka umphakathi kwezomnotho Indlela.
• Monetary Union. Isihluthulelo ukudalwa olulodwa lwemali phakathi iqembu emazweni Uyisibopho yemali, okubandakanya ukwakheka igunya main zezimali elikhulula komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali lonke iqembu.

Ukuqala emkhondweni EurAsEC

Eurasia Economic Union - inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe okusekelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho lesifunda kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo kwezitho zawo (Eurasia Economic Council, uKhomishane wezoMnotho kanye neNkantolo Economic) iba umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Insimu Eurasia Union (EurAsEC) ihlanganisa angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 ^km2 (15% indawo eMhlabeni), kungakapheli Commonwealth sabantu ohlala lemali abantu abayizigidi 183.

Sivumelwano phezu Eurasia Economic Union sihlinzekela ukudidiyelwa imisebenzi yezolimo, umkhakha, amandla; amazinga jikelele sanitary lobuchwepheshe. Ngokuhlela Commonwealth of izinhlangano kwezomnotho kuzodala montreal kwemikhiqizo yasekhemisi ngo-2016, 2019 kulindeleke ukuba ugcwalise ekwakhekeni amandla emakethe, futhi ngo-2025 - emakethe uwoyela, igesi, kanye imikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Umlando uyakhumbula izibonelo kabusha izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kwezomnotho zezombangazwe noma wezempi, isibonelo esihle salokhu i-Economic Community of West African States. Hhayi isikhathi esiningi isidlulile kusukela kwasungulwa focus yakhe uye wayeka amaphrojekthi commercial ku ezempi emikhawulweni Commonwealth.

Ubungane lezizwe wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke!

Disemba 22, 2014 kwaphawulwa exchange kwezinsimbi zomculo Ukwamukelwa kwalo ubuhlobo obuhle-ongumakhelwane futhi azihlanganisa phakathi Russia naseKazakhstan. Sivumelwano phezu Eurasia Economic Union akubuchithi isivumelwano langaphambilini ku nokubambisana kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe ngemvume phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili ngo-1992, kunalokho, iphelelise luqhubeke kwenkululeko ukuxhumana futhi ivumela ukuqaliswa kwazo zombili lezi zinhlelo ngokulinganisa.

Inhlangano ivuliwe babe kunoma isiphi isimo ukuthi ethanda ukuhlanganyela izinhloso nemibandela ebekiwe isivumelwano phakathi uthi. Ekupheleni 2014 Union futhi sazihlanganisa Armenia futhi Kyrgyzstan.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uMongameli Putin wenza ukuvakashelwa zebhizinisi Uzbekistan, lapho kwaxoxwa nemibandela kokujoyina Eurasia Union. LikaSomlomo weSigungu Russian Federal Assembly ukuthi wokubonisana phezu ukubusa okungenzeka Tajikistan kuya Eurasia Economic Union.

Imbangela yale EurAsEC Customs Union

EurAsEC Customs Union (CU) yaqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele kusukela ngoJanuwari 2010 njengoba Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan neRussia, kamuva wahlanganyela naye Armenia futhi Kyrgyzstan.

Customs Economic Union yasungulwa ngenxa ukuqala kwezomnotho inyunyana republic ngaphambili owayengenalusizo yeSoviet Union. Ngakho, United Member uqhubeke endleleni ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho ngenxa ukususwa amasiko imingcele ephakathi kwabo. Ekupheleni 2014 Eurasia Economic Union kusekelwe imoto, okuyinto lwemali endaweni evamile ukugqugquzela ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kwezomnotho.

TC EurAsEC oyilungu: Armenia, eBelarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eRussia.

Imibhalo ngemvume ngo-1995, 1999 no-2007, Ukukhonza ukulawula ukuvikela amalungelo lomthetho we Customs Union. I-Common Economic Space ihlose ukulawula idokhumenti ngo-2007, ulawula ukusungulwa imoto wekucala, wesibili - imfundo yakhe.

iziqondiso TC

Regulations Technical, ukuvunyelwa okuyinto isisekelo-kuya CU:

- kwezimvume National imikhiqizo.

- Isitifiketi we Customs Union, ekhishwe ngokuhambisana idokhumenti, esinikela uhlu imikhiqizo kuncike saziso nesikhathi ukuhlola. Lesi sitifiketi silungile kuwo wonke amazwe we-TC.

- Izinga ukukhula kwegazi zangaphandle kanye ne-mutual TC ukuhweba. Common Customs Ikhodi kuphethwe Eurasia Economic Commission kanye noMnyango Izibalo.

Izinyunyana Economic wayevame ukufuna kanye nokuthekelisa namazwe angaphandle kuphela lezo enenzuzo endaweni ethile kwezomnotho. Isibonelo salokhu imoto. imikhiqizo kuphela ukuthi bayakufanelekela ukubhekwa njengenkolo "imoto izimpahla" ingase amazwe ngokukhululekile / zithunyelwa ngaphakathi endaweni echaziwe. Ngokuhambisana Article 4 Ikhodi Customs, izimpahla ukuthola isimo esinjalo kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

- imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa CU imingcele.

- Imikhiqizo, izimpahla ezikhiqizwa lokusetjentiswa ekhaya kanye nokukhokhwa imisebenzi namasiko ebekiwe inkontileka.

- emikhiqizweni ehlangabezana kokubili izimo: ikhishelwe CU imingcele ngenjongo asetshenziswe ezindlini.

Imikhiqizo musa nemfuneko TC izimpahla maqondana nalapho alikakakhokhiswa ne nanoma yimiphi imibhalo efanele ukuze kutholakale indawo ye imoto izimpahla, kumelwe ibhekane inqubo evamile nentela yokungenisa ku Customs Union imingcele.

Okunye Izinyunyana kwezomnotho Russian

- APEC. Economic Cooperation (APEC) yasungulwa ngo-1989 makuqoqwe amazwe esifundeni Asia-Pacific. APEC linike emazweni 21. Umgomo umphakathi kakade isikhathi eside kusungulwe izimakethe imikhiqizo izinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphandle Europe. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa AETS sidalwe ekuphenduleni emnothweni elikhulayo Japan athuthukile, okuyinto unamandla linqobe esifundeni Asia-Pacific. Nokho, kubalulekile osendaweni Commonwealth ngokuyinhloko uthi azifaka kuwo, njengoba kukusiza iqondise imisebenzi yezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe ahlobene.

- CIS. Ukuxhumana phakathi ezinye emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union ngesisekelo sokulingana okuphelele kusekelwe isivumelwano ka -Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-CIS kuhlanganisa kulamazwe alandelayo: i-Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eMoldova, eRussia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan nase-Ukraine. Isivumelwano esasayinwa ngo-1991.

- we-BRICS. -BRICS iletha iminotho ezinhlanu ezinkulu abasafufusa lamazwe alandelayo: Brazil, Russia, India, China neNingizimu Afrika. Ngaphambi ukufakwa enhlanganweni eNingizimu Afrika ebizwa ngokuthi "Bric." Wonke amazwe ayingxenye, Uyi umnotho elikhula ngokushesha, nomthelela obalulekile mayelana nezinguquko eemfundeni kanye nephasi loke.

Ekupheleni 2014-BRICS Ukusabalala esidluliselwa kubantu libe no 3 billion, emelela 40% labantu emhlabeni.

Commonwealth yasungulwa ngo-2006 eneminyaka Petersburg iforamu lezikhonzi kwezomnotho we-Brazil, Russia, India neChina. Umhlangano wokuqala owaqhutshelwa e 2009 e eYekaterinburg. Emihlanganweni kuxoxwa izindaba ukubambisana mutual, obolekisayo, imvelo kanye nemvelo.

Endleleni, iSivumelwano SaseMaastricht

-European Economic Union (EU) - lo mfelandawonye ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ehlanganisa amabili nesikhombisa aMalunga eMibuso ukuthi inqubomgomo ezivamile ezindaweni eziningana. I-EU yadalwa ngo-1993 lapho kusayinwa umthetho-sivumelwano ku-European Union, okuyinto sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iSivumelwano SaseMaastricht. Nokho, lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ukusungulwa izinhlangano amaningana aseYurophu, owaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni EU.

Njengengxenye EU ekuqaleni lalinabashumayeli 12 aMalunga eMibuso: Denmark, eGermany, eGreece, e-Italy, iLuxembourg, iNetherlands, iBelgium, Portugal, Ireland, eFrance, eSpain nase UK. Ngo-1993, uMkhandlu Europe, umhlangano e-Copenhagen (Denmark), kuchazwe nendlela-kuya-EU. Lezi zimfuneko, eyaziwa ngokuthi nenqubo Copenhagen zihlanganisa eziyisisekelo ezifana:

• intando yeningi esimile uyawahlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye ngomthetho;
• isebenze emakethe umnotho wokuncintisana;
• ukwamukela izibopho ubulungu, kuhlanganise nomthetho-EU.

Kutfutfukiswa EU emva 1993

EU kukhuphuke ngo-izikhathi ezingu-3 kusukela buqala. Ngo-1995 yena Ujoyinwe 3 amalungu amasha: Austria, eFinland naseSweden. Ngo-2004 kwafika EU amalungu 10 entsha, ikakhulu kusukela Bloc elaliyiSoviet: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia neSlovenia. Ngo-2007, Romania futhi eBulgaria, akazange nemfuneko okufakwayo 2004 zingeniswe futhi wamukelwe Union. Ngo 2013 kwanezela ohlwini isimo Croatia.

Omunye imigomo ye-EU - Inyunyana kwezomnotho kanye yemali, okusho ukudalwa olulodwa lwemali European. ukuhweba International ngaphakathi kwemingcele ezivamile lwemali endaweni ayoba nomthelela ekuphepheni ukudalwa emakethe olulodwa, oluphelele nge zamanani iyunifomu nekulawulwa ezimakethe ezweni lonke. Ukudala zithenga uyakwazi zishukumisa mncintiswano kakhudlwana phakathi imikhicito lesebentako futhi kukwenze kube lula ezezimali corporate, ngokukhethekile, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba phakathi amalungu olulodwa lwemali endaweni. Ekugcineni, esikhathini eside ukusungula ukuhweba ezivamile futhi isikhala lemali kufanele lula European isakhiwo lwenkampani ukukhokhela zonke izenzo normative angokomthetho eyohlobo.

euro

Izinyunyana Economic ngokuvamile yabeka umgomo ukuhlanganisa iminotho emazweni ngaphakathi kubo. ukulawula kahle umsebenzi kwezomnotho lwemali olulodwa zone kungenzeka kufezwa ngokusebenzisa isingeniso bokusetshenziswa kwemali eyodwa; Lokhu Kuhlangana kuzodala ukufana okukhulu phakathi iminotho ehlukahlukene kazwelonke. Imibandela ngawengubo ukwethulwa kwe-euro kanye kudalwa elikhulu nohlobo lwemali olulodwa:

1. Ukugcinwa ngamazwe exchange rate kwibanga predetermined (exchange rate indlela, noma yesi-) okungenani iminyaka emibili ngaphambi ukwethulwa kwe-euro.
2. Ukulondoloza eside zenzalo.
3. Lawula izikweletu zomphakathi ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekiwe.
4. Ukugcina jikelele nesikweletu sikahulumeni ngaphandle ezingaphezu kuka-60% umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene.

isakhiwo EU

Inyunyana kwezomnotho European kuhlanganisa 4 umzimba zokuphatha, okuyizona ezibhekana ezindaweni ezithize umsebenzi ezomnotho nezombusazwe.

1. UMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe. Ngokuvamile liqukethe abamele Ministries Wezindaba Zangaphandle EU ilungu uthi. European Council of Ministers has nezwi lokugcina mayelana nazo zonke izinto ezingenziwanga imbozwe izinkontileka fixed elisungulwe EU noma izinhlangano zawo eyandulela. UMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe livuma izingqapheli iKomidi, ukhuluma nezindaba ezihlobene uhlobano phakathi amazwe e-EU ezindaweni ezilandelayo: Ukuphatha, ezolimo, izindawo zokudoba, inqubomgomo ezimbonini kanye emakethe yangaphakathi, ucwaningo, amandla, ezokuthutha, ngemvelo.

2. European Commission. Inyunyana Kwezomnotho uthi, njengoba umthetho, yakha emizimbeni uchwepheshe ukubhekana nezindaba zezimali. Njengoba inhlangano enjalo yesigungu EU, i-European Commission izenzo. It efuna ukukhonza izithakazelo Europe sisonke ku izimpikiswano lobudlelwano bangaphandle, emnothweni, ezezimali, umkhakha nezinqubomgomo ezolimo.

3. European ePhalamende. Kuhlanganisa abameleli EU ilungu uthi, abakhethiwe ngevoti oqondile emazweni abo. Nakuba siwulimi iforamu sokuxoxa ngezinto ezikhathaza Ilungu ngabanye States kanye EU iyonke, iPhalamende European akunamandla ukudala noma lelisu kwezinkambiso komthetho. Nokho, anakho ngezinga isabelomali EU futhi ungenza izinto ukuthi lucutshungulwe uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe noma i-European Commission.

4. Court. Noma yimuphi Izinyunyana kwezomnotho kufanele abe nesisekelo esingokomthetho, European Union nayo iyathinteka kulokhu. INkantolo siqukethe Abahluleli 13 abameli abayisithupha emelela aMalunga eMibuso EU. Umsebenzi Its ahumushe imithetho neziqondiso esenziwe izinqumo iyabopha EU ilungu ohulumeni, izinkampani kanye nabantu e-EU ilungu uthi.

Izinyunyana kwezomnotho International

- WTO / GATT. Imithetho lasisekelo 153 phakathi kwamazwe iyona Isivumelwano Jikelele ku Izimali kanye Trade (GATT). Ukuncishiswa tariffs, ukuqedwa izithiyo, intela engachemile nelungile Inqubomgomo amasiko maqondana nomunye - lawa yezinjongo eziyinhloko sivumelwano, esasayinwa ngo-1947,

- YUNKAD. I-United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - umzimba ummeleli we-General Assembly-UN (United Nations), elibhekene nomse- nezindaba zentuthuko yezomnotho, uhwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali. The main injongo yenhlangano usetha ngokwayo emazweni ngaphansi athuthukile kuleli nokuhlanganiswa kwe emakethe komnotho wephasi loke.

- Nafta. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke-North American ukuhweba khulula zone phakathi United States, eCanada futhi eMexico kusukela ngo-1994

- ASEAN. umphakathi kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, manje okuyinto likhula ngesivinini, emelelwa Association of South-East Asia. Isivumelwano esasayinwa kulamazwe alandelayo: Indonesia, iMalaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, I-Laos, Myanmar, eVietnam. imigomo ASEAN sika ahloselwe ukukhula komnotho, kuvikeleke izidingo kazwelonke, ukuthula nokuzinza; ukunika amandla yezikhungo zomthetho nokuxazulula ukungezwani ngokuthula.