Ukubalwa umthwalo ukushisa for Ukushisa izakhiwo: ifomula, izibonelo

Lapho ukuklama uhlelo Ukushisa, kungakhathaliseki kwezohwebo noma zokuhlala isakhiwo isakhiwo, kubalulekile ukuba afeze izibalo futhi wenze abafundile wesifunda umdwebo kohlelo bafudumale. Ngokukhethekile kuleli qophelo, ochwepheshe batusa ukukhokha kungenzeka ukubala umthwalo ezishisayo ku Ukushisa wesifunda, futhi inani petrol bese ukushisa okukhipha.

Heat umthwalo: kuyini?

Ngalokhu eside ehloselwe inani ukushisa badela Ukushisa amadivaysi. A ukubala owandulelayo umthwalo ukushisa ekugwemeni izindleko ezingenasidingo for yokufuna yezingxenye kohlelo Ukushisa ukuzifaka. Futhi, lesi sibalo kuzosiza ukusabalalisa inani ukushisa kwezomnotho futhi ngokulinganayo kuyo isakhiwo.

Kulezi izibalo ke ifakwe eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba okuxoxwa ngazo kulezi eyakha isakhiwo, ukwahlukanisa, esifundeni nokunye. Ochwepheshe ozama acabangele njengoba izinto eziningi futhi izici ngemiphumela eqonde kakhulu.

Ukubalwa ezishisayo umthwalo amaphutha kanye ukungalungi imiphumela ukusebenza kahle kohlelo bafudumale. Lize kwenzeka ukuthi kufanele yenza izingxenye kakade isakhiwo ukusebenza, okuyinto nakanjani kuholela imali bengahlosile. Yebo, futhi izinhlangano Umbuso babala izindleko amasevisi ngesisekelo idatha ukushisa umthwalo.

izici Key

Ideal ebalisisiwe nalolwakheke bafudumale system kumelwe silondoloze lokushisa oyifunayo egumbini futhi ukuze sivale lapho sisilela nokushisa engahlosiwe. Ukubala umthwalo Thermal ngesidingo uziqaphele uhlelo wokwakha Ukushisa:

- Inhloso yalesi sakhiwo: zokuhlala noma zezimboni.

- Ulwazi okuningiliziwe on isakhiwo se-timphawu tesakhiwo. Kuyinto amafasitela, izindonga, iminyango, ophahleni kanye ukupholisa uhlelo.

- Property Ubukhulu. Ayanda ukubaluleka, namandla kumelwe abe uhlelo bafudumale. Qiniseka ukuba acabangele indawo ukuvuleka iwindi, iminyango, izindonga ngaphandle futhi ivolumu angaphakathi ngamunye.

- Ukutholakala amakamelo izinjongo ezikhethekile (okugeza, sauna, njll).

- Degree imishini amadivaysi technical. Okungukuthi, ukuba khona amanzi ashisayo, umoya omncane, air-conditioning kanye nohlobo bafudumale system.

- Temperature lobubanzi ekamelweni elilodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e amakamelo eyenzelwe isitoreji, akudingeki ukuba kulondolozwe izinga lokushisa ukhululekile umuntu.

- Isibalo amaphuzu ngamanzi ashisayo. Lapho, kulapho isistimu ukulayishwa.

- Indawo evele ngezinkomishi ezinamekwe ngomthofu. Amakamelo amafasitela French ulahlekelwa imali enkulu ukushisa.

- Izimo engeziwe. Ngo izakhiwo zokuhlala, kungase eziningi amakamelo, balcony kanye loggias kanye zokugezela. Imikhakha yezimboni - inani lezinsuku zokusebenza phakathi nonyaka wekhalenda, ukuqhela, uchungechunge kwezobuchwepheshe inqubo ukukhiqizwa nokunye.

- Izimo zezulu yesifunda. Lapho kubalwa ukushisa ukulahlekelwa ziyabhekelelwa izinga lokushisa ngaphandle. Uma umehluko zincane, futhi isinxephezelo izohamba esincane amandla. Nakuba ngenkathi -40 ^{° C} ngaphandle kwefasitela ke kuzodinga izindleko ezinkulu.

Izici amasu ekhona

Amapharamitha kufakwe kulesi sibalo umthwalo ezishisayo, basesimweni SNIP futhi GOST. Baphinde babe ezikhethekile zokudlulisa ukushisa okuza. Passport ka imishini kufakwe uhlelo Ukushisa, izici digital zithathwa ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa kurediyetha, kubhayela, njll kanye bendabuko .:

- ukusetshenziswa ukushisa, bathathwa esiphezulu ihora Ukushisa izinhlelo,

- ukugeleza esiphezulu ukushisa okuvela kurediyetha,

- Imininingwane ukushisa ukulahlekelwa esikhathini esithile (ngokuvamile - isizini); uma udinga i ngehora umthwalo ukubala ku esifundeni Ukushisa inethiwekhi, ukubala okufanele iqhutshwe ikhumbula okushisa emini.

Izibalo iqhathaniswa endaweni umthelela ezishisayo lonke uhlelo. Inkomba etholwe anembile ngempela. Ezinye ngeziphambeko zenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-izakhiwo zezimboni uzodinga acabangele nokuncipha ezishisayo kwamandla on ngezimpelasonto namaholidi, futhi ezindaweni okuhlalwa - ebusuku.

Indlela Yokwenza sokubalwa Ukushisa izinhlelo inamazinga eziningana ukunemba. Ukuze uthole imininingwane yephutha kuya kudingekile okungenani ukusebenzisa izibalo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphansi kohlelo eqondile isicelo ngaphandle uma umgomo nokwandisa izindleko kohlelo bafudumale.

Izindlela eziyinhloko sibalo

Kuze kube manje, ukubala umthwalo ukushisa for amalahle isakhiwo kungenziwa ngenye yezindlela ezimbili.

I ezinkulu ezintathu

1. Sokubalwa indices oluhlanganisiwe zithathwa.
2. Ukuze ukusebenza isakhiwo timphawu tesakhiwo base zithathwa. Kuzoba ezibalulekile futhi ekubalweni ukushisa ukulahlekelwa eza kulungele yangaphakathi emoyeni omningi.
3. Kubalwa kanye wafingqa zonke izinto kufakwe ohlelweni bafudumale.

Ngokwesibonelo omunye

Kukhona inketho lesine. Anakho iphutha elikhulu, kusukela izibalo zithathwa isilinganiso kakhulu, noma cha ngokwanele babo. Okungukuthi, kule formula - Q = q ₀ * a * * V _H (t _EH - t _NRA) lapho:

• q ₀ - izici ezithile ezishisayo we isakhiwo (avame kunqunywa isikhathi abandayo kakhulu)
• a - ukulungiswa isici (kuncike esifundeni kanye ethathwa amatafula achazwe)
• V _H - ivolumu, kubalwa i izindiza zangaphandle.

A ukucabanga elula

Ukuze izakhiwo ngezimiso okujwayelekile (ukuphakama ophahleni, igumbi ngobukhulu futhi okuhle ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa izici) singasetshenziswa nge elula isilinganiso ipharamitha izilungiso Coefficient kuncike esifundeni.

Ucabange ukuthi indlu Itholakala Arkhangelsk esifundeni, futhi endaweni yayo - 170 square metres. m. Ukulayishwa ezishisayo uyalingana 17 * 1.6 = 27.2 kW / h.

Incazelo enjalo of imithwalo ezishisayo engayinaki izici eziningi ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, nesakhiwo nezimpawu zokuhlela isakhiwo, izinga lokushisa, inani izindonga, endaweni ratio izindonga emafasiteleni, njalonjalo. Ngakho-ke, izibalo ezinjengalezi ayifanele sina bafudumale system amaphrojekthi.

Irediyetha ukubala endaweni

It kuncike impahla okuvela ngazo zenziwa. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa namuhla bimetallic, aluminium, steel, ingasaphathwa cast iron radiators. Ngamunye wabo has izinga layo ukudluliswa ukushisa (amandla ezishisayo). radiators Bimetallic lapho ibanga phakathi mm izimbazo 500 futhi liphuza 180 - 190 Watts. Aluminium radiators babe kakhulu ukusebenza efanayo.

ukudluliselwa Heat kurediyetha echazwe ibalwa sesigaba esisodwa. Radiators, steel plate kungukuthi alo. Ngakho-ke, ukudluliswa ukushisa yabo Coefficient kunqunywa okusekelwe ubukhulu yonke idivayisi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezishisayo amandla irowu kurediyetha 1100 mm ububanzi 200 mm ukuphakama kuyoba 1010 W futhi iphaneli kurediyetha ezenziwe ngensimbi 500 mm ububanzi kanye 220 mm ukuphakama kuyoba 1644 Watts.

Ukubala of kwendawo kurediyetha siqukethe nemingcele kwezilandelayo:

- uphahla ukuphakama (ejwayelekile - 2.7 m)

- ukushisa umthamo (sq ngayinye M -. 100 W)

- omunye ugange ngaphandle.

Lezi izibalo zibonisa ukuthi wonke 10 square metres. m kumele kube 1 000 W kwamandla ezishisayo. Lo mphumela lihlukaniswe by umthelela ezishisayo kwesigaba esisodwa. Impendulo inani elidingekayo of kurediyetha izigaba.

Ukuze ezifundazweni eziseningizimu ye ezweni lethu, kanye enyakatho, akhiwa ukwehlisa nokuvusa izici.

ukubala esijwayelekile futhi kunembile

Banikezwe izici ezichazwe ngenhla, ukubala isilinganiso Kwenziwa kanje. Uma 1 sq. m edingekayo Watts 100 ukushisa ukugeleza esikhaleni 20 sq. m kufanele uthole 2000 Watts. Sesipholisanjini (bimetallic ethandwa noma se-aluminium) izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili inike mayelana 150 Watts. Hlukanisa 2000 150, sithola izigaba 13. Kodwa kuyinto ukubala ngempela ezandisiwe umthwalo ukushisa.

I ngqo ubukeka kancane kwangethusa lokho. Eqinisweni, akukho nzima. Nangu ifomula:

Q _m = 100 W / m ² × S _(isikhala) m ² × q × q _{1 2 3} × q × q × q _{4 5 6} × q × q _7, lapho:

• q ₁ - glazing uhlobo (evamile = 1.27, = 1.0 ezimbili, kathathu = 0.85);
• q ₂ - Ukukhipha odongeni (ababuthakathaka noma ngingekho = 1.27, odongeni lwezitini Laid 2 = 1.0, yesimanje, okusezingeni eliphezulu = 0.85);
• q ₃ - isilinganiso endaweni ingqikithi ukuvuleka iwindi endaweni phansi (40% 1.2 = 30% 1.1 = 20% - 0.9 10% = 0.8);
• q ₄ - izinga lokushisa ngaphandle (ezithathwe inani eliphansi: ^-35 ° C = 1.5, ^C = -25 1.3 ^-20 1.1 C = -15 ^{° C} = 0.9, ^-10 ° C = 0.7);
• q ₅ - isibalo izindonga zangaphandle egumbini (bobane = 1.4, ezintathu = 1.3, ikamelo ekhoneni = 1.2, i = 1.2);
• q ₆ - uhlobo isiphetho esikhaleni ngezansi yokugezela ebalisisiwe (elisophahleni abandayo = 1.0, 0.9 = elisophahleni efudumele, igumbi ophilayo ukufuthelana = 0.8);
• q ₇ - uphahla ukuphakama (4.5 m = 1.2, m = 4.0, 1.15, 3.5, m = 1.1, 3.0, m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Ukuze noma iziphi izindlela ezichazwe kungaba ukubala umthwalo ezishisayo elingaphansi kwesakhiwo sokuhlala.

Sample ukubala

Imigomo nemibandela zimi kanje. Amazinga esincane phakathi nesikhathi abandayo yonyaka - -20 ^° C Room 25 square metres. m nge glass kathathu, amafasitela isiFulentshi, uphahla ukuphakama 3.0 m, izindonga ezimbili brick elisophahleni unheated. Ukubala simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Q = 100 W / m ² × m ² × 25 × 0.85 1 × 0.8 (12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

Lokukhipha 2 356.20, hlukanisa imali yazo ngo-150 Umphumela uba ukuthi egumbini nalezi nemingcele kuyadingeka ukuze usethe izigaba 16.

Uma udinga ukubala Gigacalorie

In the ukungabikho ezishisayo imitha amandla e evulekile Ukushisa wesifunda ukushisa umthwalo Ukubalwa amalahle isakhiwo ibalwa ngokuvumelana ifomula Q = V * (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / 1000 Kuphi:

• V - umthamo wamanzi sokudliwa uhlelo Ukushisa, noma amathani ayizigidi m ^3,
• T ₁ - inombolo ebonisa lokushisa amanzi ashisayo ulinganiswa ^{° C} sithathwa Computing izinga lokushisa elihambisana a ingcindezi ethile ohlelweni. lesi sibalo unegama ayo - enthalpy. Uma indlela esiwusizo ukususa ukufundwa lokushisa akunakwenzeka iphendukele inkomba isilinganiso. Kuyinto ngaphakathi 60-65 ^° C
• _T2 - izinga lokushisa lamanzi abandayo. Kala-ke ohlelweni kunzima, ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, kuye ngokuthi lokushisa ngaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye izifunda, ngenkathi ezibandayo, lesi sibalo esithathwayo elilingana 5, ehlobo - 15.
• 1000 - Coefficient ukuthola yi ngokushesha e Gigacalorie.

Endabeni umthwalo ezishisayo (Gcal / h) loop avaliwe ibalwa kungenjalo:

_Kusukela Q = α * q _ka * V * (t _a - t _NR) * (1 + K _NR) * 0.000001 lapho

• α - isici, eklanyelwe ulungise izimo zezulu. Kunakwe uma izinga lokushisa ngaphandle kuhlukile ^-30 ° C;
• V - ivolumu isakhiwo laba nezilinganiso yangaphandle;
• q _ka - ethize Ukushisa izinga elinikeziwe isakhiwo _NR t = ^-30 ° C, ulinganiswa kcal / m ³ * C;
• t _e - kulinganiselwa lokushisa sangaphakathi isakhiwo;
• t _NR - ukuklama lokushisa ongaphandle nokubhalwa kohlelo bafudumale;
• _NR K - kokuziphatha izinga. isilinganiso Olubangelwa ibalwa ukulahlekelwa ezishisayo of esakhiweni kokuziphatha nokudlulisa ukushisa ngokusebenzisa izakhi wangaphandle ukuba lokushisa ngaphandle, okuyinto lihlelwe ngaphakathi ingxenye iphrojekthi.

ukushisa umthwalo ukubala Kuthi lakhulisiwe, kodwa lokhu ifomula ezinikezwe izincwadi yezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhlola imager ezishisayo

Bayanda, ukuze andise nekusebenta kweluhlelo Ukushisa, asebenzise i-imaging inhlolovo ezishisayo isakhiwo.

lo msebenzi wenziwa ebumnyameni. Ukuze uthole yi esinembile kuyadingeka ukuze agcine umehluko lokushisa phakathi ikamelo kanye Ingaphandle: akufanele kube ngaphansi ^kuka-15. kukhanyisa esikhipha izibani fluorescent zivaliwe. Kungcono ukuhlanza amatshe futhi ifenisha esiphezulu, bona knock kudivayisi, enika yephutha elithile.

Ucwaningo lwenziwa kancane nedatha obhalwe ngokucophelela. Isikimu ilula.

Isigaba sokuqala senzeka endlini. Idivayisi idluliswa kancane kancane kusukela iminyango namafasitela, benaka ethile emakhoneni nezinye amalunga omzimba.

Eyesibili isigaba - ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle ezishisayo imager isakhiwo izindonga. Namanje, ahlolisisa emalungeni, ikakhulukazi uxhumano ophahleni.

Isigaba sesithathu - ukucutshungulwa idatha. Okokuqala kwenza idivayisi ke ukufundwa zidluliselwa ku-computer, lapho abafanele ekupheleni kuhlelo lokucubungula futhi outputting umphumela.

Uma ucwaningo kwenziwa yinhlangano ilayisense, kuba imiphumela yomsebenzi azobika imihlahlandlela saziso. Uma umsebenzi wenziwa uqobo, kudingeka ancike kolwazi labo mhlawumbe Inthanethi.