U-Andrzej Wajda kanye namafilimu akhe amakhulu. Umqondisi wezithombe nezithombe

Ungomunye wabaqondisi abadume kakhulu nabavelele baseMpumalanga Yurophu kuphela, kodwa umhlaba wonke. Ungumqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, umlobi wesikrini nomqondisi. Ngomnikelo omkhulu kunazo zonke kwi-cinema yezwe wayehlonishwa ukuba abe ngumuntu ohlonishwayo "Oscar" kanye nemiklomelo eminingi yamazwe omhlaba kanye nemiklomelo. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950 wakwazi ukuthola amandla ku-cinema ngesikhathi esifushane, lapho eba omunye wabaholi besikole esisha sasePoland, futhi uhlala kuze kube yilolu suku, naphezu kweminyaka ehloniphekile. Uyi-Andrzej Wajda omkhulu, indoda eyashintsha umbono wakhe nge-cinema.

Izingane zobuntwana

I-future king of cinematography yazalwa ngoMashi 6, 1926. Lesi senzakalo senzeka enyakatho-mpumalanga yePoland, edolobheni laseSuwalki. Kwakukhona kulezi zindawo okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi izingxenye zempi, lapho uyise, uJakub, ayekhonza khona. Wayengumphathi wezinqola zamahhashi, umphathi we-41st Regiment. Umama, Anelia, wasebenza njengomfundisi.

Ema-20 - ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu nantathu kulezi zindawo kwakuwumngcele osempumalanga wePoland, futhi izingxenye zempi zahlukaniswa. Umndeni ka-Waida wayehlala emakamu kuze kube yilapho uyise esabelwa kwelinye idolobha lesifundazwe iSadom, esaseningizimu futhi esiseduze neWarsaw.

Enye yezinto umfana ayezibonele ngomfana kwakuyisiko lomkhosi: ukuvivinya umzimba, ukuqinisekiswa, ukubuyekezwa okuhlukahlukene kanye nomngcwabo omkhulu. Kamuva, ngo-1939, kusukela emabhawulweni indlela eya phambili ngqo, ngaphansi kwamathangi esitha. Lokhu kwakungasase kuyisiko, kepha ukuhlukaniswa kwemingcele nokufa.

Ukulahlekelwa kokuqala

Ngo-September 1939, amasosha aseSoviet ahamba eMpumalanga Poland. Ubaba Andrzej wayekuthunjiswe eSoviet. Nezinye iziboshwa zasePoland waphonswa ekamu, wadutshulwa eKatyn. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lobu buhlungu, kanye nezinkumbulo zempi, zadlula wonke umsebenzi womqondisi onesihloko esibomvu. Emidwebo yakhe, u-Weida ngeke akhulume ngesikhala sakhe esidlule, nakuba esemncane umqondisi wayexhunywe phakathi nezinsuku zokuvukela eWarsaw. Uzokhuluma nabanye abantu ngokugcwele - mayelana nomlawuli wamaphoyisa ku-lieutenant Zadr, mayelana nesiphathimandla sezokuxhumana uMargaritka, mayelana namaqhawe efilimu "Isiteshi" - ngabantu, kokubili emabhayisikobho nasemibhalweni yangempela, bangabona ilanga amahora ambalwa ...

Kusuka ekutadisheni ukusebenza

Ngo-1939, u-Andrzej Wajda wagubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwesi-13. Kwakungukuzalwa kwakhe kokugcina, okwabekwa nguyise. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha wayengasekho. U-Andrzej udlulela ebangeni lesishiyagalombili, kodwa ngokuqhamuka kweMpi Yezwe II kwadingeka ayeke izifundo zakhe. Ukuze angangeni eqenjini labafana ababethunyelwe ngenkani eMbusweni waseJalimane, umfana uthola umsebenzi. Washintsha imisebenzi eminingi: wayengumthwalo wokudlala, umfundi osebenza ngokubambisana, umdwebi, umdwebi, isitolo esitolo sama-workshops eJalimane. Ngisho nokusiza umdwebi ojikelezayo ukubuyisela amafresco emabandleni. Ngesikhathi esebenza ezweni lakhe, u-Andrzej Wajda osemusha akazange ahlanganyele empini, kodwa wayeyilungu lebutho lamasosha ase-Underground Krajowa waze wafungisa.

Indlela yokukhetha indlela efanele?

Ukusiza abadwebi bezitaladi ezijikelezayo ekubuyiseleni kwamafresco emasontweni, lo mfana wayefisa kakhulu ukudweba. Lokhu kwakuwukuzalwa kwephupho lokuba umculi. Kwakuyiphupho elibambe iqhaza lokuthi emva kwempi, ngo-1946, u-Andrzej Wajda wangena eKrakow Academy of Fine Arts. Kodwa wafunda lapho iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Umqondisi wesikhathi esizayo uya eLudz School of Cinematography ukuze aqondise ubuhlakani. Yiqiniso, akazange ahlanganyele nomdwebo futhi waqhubeka nokuhlanganyela emikhakheni eminingi.

U-Andrzej Wajda wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi ngalesi sikhathi isikhathi se-cinema yilona uhlobo lobuciko olubonisa ngokugcwele inkathi yokulandela impi lapho konke ukuphila bekusemngceleni wempi nokuthula. Bonke abantu bakholelwa ukuthi yi-movie engaba yinto ebaluleke ngaphezu kokuzijabulisa okujwayelekile; Ukuthi kungashintsha ukuqonda komuntu.

"ISikole Esisha sasePoland"

Imicabango kaWajda yabelwa nabanye abasha abanolwazi abafunda naye esikoleni sefilimu - abaqondisi uJerzy Kavalerovich, Andrzej Munch, Wojciech Khas. Kwaba nabo eqenjini elilodwa u-Weida wadala isiqondiso esisha ku-cinema, ebizwa ngokuthi "isikole esisha sasePoland". Ngemva kwesikhashana wahola isiqondiso esisha waba omunye wabaqondisi abahola ePoland.

Indlela yokudala

Ngesikhathi eseyena umfundi, u-Andrzej Wajda, amafilimu akhe amahle kakhulu ayaziwa ngabaningi bamakhono akhe, asebenza njengomsizi nomsizi kumqondisi. KwakunguWajda owayengumqondisi wesibili ka-Alexander Ford, lapho ebeka isithombe "Ezinhlanu ezivela emgwaqweni uBarkaya." Emdwebeni othi "Izindaba Ezintathu", u-Weid wayengumbhali we-script.

Phakathi nezifundo zakhe, umqondisi omncane wakwazi ukudubula amafilimu amafushane okuqala ethi "Lapho Ulala" no "U-Evil Boy" kaKhekhov kanye nefilimu yefilimu "i-Ilzhetskaya ceramics". Khona-ke wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi i-cinema ingashintsha umhlaba nokuqaphela abantu. U-Weida waqala ukuhlanganyela emfundweni yokuqondisa i-cinema. Izihloko zakhe zasiza ukuvula izindlela ezintsha ekuthuthukiseni izithombe ezisePoland.

Ukuqashelwa komhlaba jikelele komqondisi

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ka-Andrzej Wajda kunamabhayisikobho ezinhlobonhlobo zezinqumo zesonto: ama-drama engokwengqondo emakamelweni kanye nama-allegories ahlanzekile, imizekeliso eqinile yomphakathi kanye nezithombe zomlando.

Isithombe sakhe sokuqala esigcwele "Ukuqashelwa", okuqoshwe ngo-1954, kwaba mnandi kulabo ababukeli nabagxeki. Wayengumuntu womabili futhi ochwepheshe. Ngakho ngomzuzwana, umqondisi omncane, owayeneminyaka engu-26 nje kuphela, waba isithombe sesizukulwane, eshaywa yimpi embi. Enye yezinqola zakhe kwakuyifilimu "Channel", eqoshwe eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Le tape yathola "igatsha le-Silver palm" e-Cannes. Ithenda likaWaida manje seliyaziwa eYurophu.

Enye ifilimu, okugcina ku-trilogy mayelana nempi, eyadutshulwa nguWeid Andrzej, "i-Ash ne-Diamond". I-tape, eyathola umklomelo we-Venetian, ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezihamba phambili, "ekhishwe ngaphansi komqondisi". Sekuyisikhathi eside kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesihlwama segolide se-cinema yezwe, ukufaka ngokuqinile amafilimu ayishumi aphezulu.

Futhi ngo-2007, ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, umqondisi omkhulu, ekugcineni, wakwazi ukuvula isikhumba esiphezulu emlandweni wezwe lakhe - inhlekelele yaseKatyn. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buhlungu buthinta ngqo yena ngokwakhe. Ngokuba U-Andrzej Wajda Katyn wayeyizisizi zakhe ezinkulu, okwenza impilo yakhe yonke.

Kulesi sithombe, umqondisi wakhuluma ngekusasa lamadoda ngezinzwa zabesifazane-ukwethembeka kwabo, ukuphelelwa ithemba, ukuhlupheka, ukuhlupheka.

I-Waida Phenomenon

Amafilimu ka-Andrzej Wajda akakaze afaka inkulumo yomlobi oqondile. Kuwo akekho umuntu wokuqala, akekho "Mina" noma ku-phonogram noma kuhlaka. Watshela izethameli izinto ezijulile ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphila zabanye abantu. Emidwebo yakhe ngayinye, konke okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu okwethulwe kwenzelwa njengencazelo yomgomo. U-Vaida wabelane nezintatheli ukuthi emisebenzini yakhe akaqambi lutho, ngoba yonke ifilimu yakhe iyingxenye yokuphila kwakhe. Yonke into ayithatha yiyona biography yakhe, indlela yakhe. Lokhu kungukuthi umqondisi womqondisi we-genius: i-cinema yakhe yombhali - umsebenzi wakhe uqobo, uhlobene kakhulu nokuphila.

Lapho u-Weida ezodubula ifilimu "uSamson" ngo-1961, amantombazane angamakhulu amabili ayehlolisisa ngokuyinhloko ingxenyekazi yabesifazane. Ngenxa yalokho, kunqunywe ukuthi uTyshkevich uzosuswa. Ngakho umqondisi wahlangana nomkakhe wesithathu wesikhathi esizayo. Kuze kube yilolu suku, washada kabili, nakuba wayengenabantwana. Futhi u-Beata Tyszkiewicz wamnika indodakazi uCaroline. Ngokusemthethweni, lo mbhangqwana ubhalise ubudlelwane babo ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi.

BabeseLondon lapho izindaba zifika ekufeni okubuhlungu komngane wabo ovamile uZbigniew Tsybulsky. UBeata uphakamise ukuthi umyeni wakhe asuse ibhande elizinikezele kuZbigniew. U-Andrzej Wajda wenza le filimu ngokuthi "Usuku Lwabesifazane" ngo-1968. Ngeshwa, ngokushesha nje, eNyuvesi yaseWarsaw, ngo-March 8, kwaba nenjabulo, abafundi bezintombazane bahlupheka. Isihloko sefilimu kwakudingeka sishintshwe. Ngalesi sikhathi esifanayo, uBeata Tyszkiewicz wabhala incwadi ethi "All Sale". Wamema umyeni wakhe ukuba asebenze. Le filimu yayiyimpumelelo ephawulekayo, futhi umndeni wahlukana.

Ukudala kweNkosi

Umqondisi wazama ukusebenzisa amandla akhe ngezindlela ezehlukene. Ifilimu Andrzej Wajda inkulu kakhulu. Udubule ama-comedies namadrama ezempi, ngisho nemidwebo ngemisebenzi yabalobi abadumile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe wathola inothi lezombangazwe.

Emidwebo ethi "The Man of Marble," wagxeke ngokucacile isimiso seqembu, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana wamemezela ukuthi usekela inhlangano yokuphikisa ePoland. U-Waida wayenesikhundla somphakathi esisebenzayo, ngakho-ke angalinganiswa nezibalo zomphakathi zezwe. Kwakuwumsebenzi ongenakulibaleka ka-Andrzej owasiza amaPoles ukuba abheke iqiniso langakolunye uhlangothi. Umsebenzi wakhe usuphawu lweqiniso lobumbano bezwe.

Umsebenzi omkhulu wawunomqondisi nakwamanye amazwe: wahlola "i-Lady Macbeth yaseNtshonalanga yeMtsenskogo" uLeskov, wenza umdlalo wethelevishini "UCriminal and Punishment" nguDostoevsky. Emsebenzini kaBulgakov kuThelevishini ithelevishini eqoshwe u-Andrzej Wajda "Master noMargarita." Ukubukwa kwezemidlalo, okwakwenzayo, kwaqhubeka ngezigaba zaseMelika naseYurophu.

Uhambo lwakhe olude emsebenzini, umqondisi u-Andrzej Wajda wathatha imidwebo engaphezu kwezingu-60 futhi wenza izinhlelo eziningi zemidlalo. Amafilimu akhe anikeze imiklomelo. Ngo-2002, wanikezwa omunye wemiklomelo evelele embonweni wesithombe - ihlonipho "Oscar".