Protocol Ukuxhumana: ukuthumela idatha

Ukusebenza kokubili zendawo global amanethiwekhi computer, mobile kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zokuxhumana kuhilela ukusebenza ezahlukene yezifiso zokuxhumana. Ngumuphi kubo angabhekwa ezivamile? Yini engase ibe ukubaluleka amazinga afanele?

Yiziphi yezifiso zokuxhumana?

Ukukhulumisana olandelwayo - uhlu zifane ka imiyalelo ukusetha indlela lezi noma isofthiwe noma i-hardware interface kufanele aqinisekise ukudluliswa kwedatha - ezifana umbhalo, izithombe, alalelwayo video ukusakaza. yezifiso Ifanele ngokuyinhloko ukuba lula uyakekela ezahlukene zokuxhumana nekhompyutha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaliswa TCP / IP olandelwayo inikwe amandla ukuhlanganisa idatha empeleni emhlabeni wonke, okwenza kube inhlangano okungenzeka amakhompuyutha -Inthanethi global.

Kwimakethe kolwazi nobuchwepheshe yezifiso iziteshi zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa emazingeni ahlukahlukene ukuqaliswa zokuxhumana interface. Basuke njalo ngcono, olusha. Ngezikhathi eba yezifiso entsha, khomba imininingwane emakethe zokuxhumana. zokuxhumana yezifiso abahlukahlukene ingasetshenziswa amanethiwekhi ukusetshenziswa kokubili ezifuywayo zezimboni, ukusebenza ngesisekelo ingqalasizinda, izikhungo zocwaningo, njll Phakathi amazinga ajwayelekile kakhulu inhlobo efanele - ..-Ethernet, CAN, Hart.

Ukusebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo zokuxhumana nakho kwenziwe emkhakheni zokuxhumana mobile services. Phakathi kwalabo - 3G, 4G, GPRS.

Lezi yezifiso kumanethiwekhi opharetha mobile zihlukile, ikakhulukazi:

- ijubane yokudlulisela idatha phakathi zokubhalisa kanye wamasevisi zokuxhumana;

- ku-efrikhwensi;

- ngokuya ibanga esiphezulu zedivayisi ukuxhumana nesiteshi.

Ngokuphathelene Ukwahlukaniswa zokuxhumana computer yezifiso - it has ngempela ezingeni lelisetulu eyinkimbinkimbi. Cabanga imininingwane yayo eqondile.

Ukwahlukanisa zokuxhumana computer yezifiso

Ukwahlukanisa yezifiso abafanele kungaba kwenziwe usebenzisa inombolo ngokwanele elikhulu izindlela. Okusatshalalisiwe omunye amazinga tekuchumana letingahle ingahlukaniswa ibe emazingeni aphansi nangaphezulu. Phakathi kwalabo:

- isicelo;

- Executive;

- session;

- Ezokuthutha;

- inethiwekhi;

- Isiteshi;

- ngokomzimba.

Ake sifunde bona ngokuningiliziwe.

Isicelo inethiwekhi ungqimba protocol

Okubukwe ezingeni, lapho kungenzeka okukodwa noma ukuxhumana nezinye olandelwayo oluthathwa, uyalandisa ngokuyinhloko izicelo. Okungukuthi, kunikeza ukuxhumana phakathi ingqalasizinda inethiwekhi futhi umsebenzisi izinhlelo ezithile. Isebenzisa yezifiso ezifana HTTP, Telnet, DNS, IRC, BitTorrent, nabanye abaningi, lapho izimpahla nemisebenzi zesimanje inthanethi.

Executive ezingeni zenethiwekhi yezifiso

Ngesikhathi esifanele ezingeni zokuxhumana olandelwayo kuhilela kuhanjiswa idatha ethile. Kungase kube ezinye izinqubo ukuguqulwa kwenziwa kwamanye yezifiso, esephepheni, kokucindezelwa amafayela, ukuphathwa izicelo ezahlukene.

izicelo Specific ukubuza imibuzo eqondile kunethiwekhi, bese - iguqulwe ibe ulimi olwaluqondwa iseva. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ekucubungululeni isicelo. Khona-ke impendulo iseva iguqulwe, esikhundleni salokho, ngolimi olwaluqondwa isicelo. Phakathi Izivumelwano ethandwa inhlobo efanele - ASN, FTP, SMTP. Ungase futhi ngezinga elithile ukuthi lalotshwa enjalo, futhi-HTTP, FTP.

Iseshini ungqimba yokuxhumana yezifiso

Kulelizinga ngesingeniso somgomo ukuxhumana esetshenziswa nokuqalisa ukusebenza ikakhulukazi - isibonelo, ukuvumelanisa imisebenzi ethile, ukudala kweseshini zokuxhumana, yokuthumela noma yokuthola ifayela. Phakathi Izivumelwano ezivamile okusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezifana - ASP, DLC, SOCKS.

Ukuthuthwa ungqimba zokuxhumana yezifiso

Amazinga elihambisana uhlobo asetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukulethwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zedatha komunye inethiwekhi inhlangano kwenye. Ezimweni eziningi, lapho wenziwa division of amafayela izakhi ngabanye - ukuze kube lula ukudlulisa yabo. Ngu inhlobo efanele yezifiso zihlanganisa TCP, UDP, RMTP.

Uxhumano olandelwayo ezingeni

Uhlobo esilandelayo amazinga, ngesisekelo okungase ukusebenza uhlelo lokuxhumana - inethiwekhi ungqimba yezifiso. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ngokuyinhloko izindlela ukuthumela idatha, ikheli inethiwekhi translation, usuke, ukuqapha izinga ingqalasizinda. yezifiso okunjalo kungahlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, okufanayo TCP / IP, ICMP. DHCP.

Isixhumanisi idatha ungqimba protocol

Lezi zindinganiso asetshenziselwa ukusebenza kwe-key izingxenye hardware senethiwekhi. yezifiso Ifanele unike amandla uhlelo, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuhlola imininingwane abayithole ngokuthengisa ungqimba ngokomzimba, amaphutha. Uma kudingekile, futhi wenza korrektirovka.V yabo kuhlanganise nalezo zindinganiso - ovamile zokuxhumana olandelwayo PPP, algorithm ezifana ukushelela, L2F, PROFIBUS. Ngomqondo onabile, yezifiso isiteshi akunakubangelwa, futhi i-Ethernet.

Physical ungqimba yezifiso

Izinga elilandelayo izindinganiso isenzo okukhulunywa - ngokomzimba. Lapha, i-zokuxhumana olandelwayo - ithuluzi lapho ukudluliswa ngqo idatha digital flow - ngokusebenzisa isignali isiqondiso ikhebula noma umsakazo.

Endabeni wire ukudluliswa ingase eziqhutshwa amazinga ezifana RS-232, XDSL, 100BASE-T. Common zokuxhumana ezingenazo izintambo yezifiso - ikakhulukazi, ukusebenza ngosizo Wi-Fi-imizila - labo ezihlobene IEEE 802.11 hlobo.

safunda izimiso ngezigaba angabhekwa a okunemibandela kakhulu. Ngakho, njengengxenye wakhe kungaba nzima ngempela ukuba baphathe olandelwayo ethile isigaba othize: ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi indinganiso isicelo emazingeni eziningana. Kuyasiza sihlole kabanzi imininingwane yalolu ethandwa kakhulu emakethe kolwazi nobuchwepheshe yezifiso. Njengokuthi nje, isibonelo, PPP ukulawula protocol (zokuxhumana - ukuthi isihloko umthelela algorithm, okuyinto zinikezwa namazinga afanele).

Uyini umthetho olandelwayo PPP?

protocol Okubukwe libhekisela, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, amazinga, okuyinto zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ingqalasizinda inethiwekhi isixhumanisi idatha ungqimba. Kuyinto jikelele: i olandelwayo ezifanele ingafinyelela idivayisi ubuqiniso ukusebenzisa indlela ukubethelwa kwedatha, uma kunesidingo - ifayela kokucindezelwa.

protocol Okubukwe kuqinisekisa ukusebenza amanethiwekhi esekelwe ezivamile Nokuxhumana - ezifana ngocingo, iziteshi yeselula zokuxhumana. протокол PPP связью был прерван, то это, скорее всего, будет означать невозможность получения пользователем фактического доступа к сетевым ресурсам, что предоставляются его провайдером. Uma uhlelo oluthile pops up umbhalo oqoshwe ukuthi olandelwayo PPP kuphazamisekile, khona-ke kungenzeka kusho ukungakwazi ukuthola langempela ukufinyelela komsebenzisi inethiwekhi imithombo ukuthi anikezwe wayo.

Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana namazinga afanele - ngokwesibonelo, PPPoE, PPPoA. Kulendlela yokubhala olandelwayo okukhulunywa yakhiwa amazinga eziningana: LCP, NCP, PAP, i-CHAP, MLPPP. Enye ezivamile IT-ezimakethe zanamuhla olandelwayo - HTTP.

Uyini olandelwayo HTTP?

Namazinga afanele icushiwe ukuze isebenze le uxhumano ukushintshanisa kwe-data ingqalasizinda - ngokuvamile phakathi kwamakhompyutha kanye amaseva ku-intanethi. Libhekisela yezifiso eziyisisekelo olunikeza i-World Wide Web. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, uhlelo isekelwa yesimanje amathuluzi kakhulu ukukhulumisana ethandwa wokusebenza. Uzinzile - kunzima ukucabanga nesimo lapho isikrini yomsebenzisi ngeke vela umyalezo HTTP-izinhlelo ezifana «zokuxhumana PPP-protocol kuphazamisekile". In an icala ngokwedlulele - uma, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, namathuluzi isebenze indinganiso HTTP ayitholakali, kungenzeka ukuba udlulise amafayela ukusetshenziswa ku-intanethi, isibonelo, FTP protocol, nakuba ezimweni eziningi, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungase kungabi isixazululo elilungile.

Izinga embuzweni, kufaka nokudluliswa kwemininingwane kusukela hardware ne-software ye-into e isimo iklayenti iseva, noHezekeli. Eyokuqala ithumela isicelo sesibili, futhi indlela asabela ngayo nabo ngokweseluleko algorithm aqine. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana kubhekwa irekhodi, isibonelo, ama-HTTP, i-HTTP-NG. Izinzuzo esemqoka okubangela yokuthi umthetho olandelwayo we-HTTP isibe omunye ethandwa kakhulu:

- jikelele;

- kalula lokuqaliswa;

- kungenzeka extension;

- khona ukwesekwa ezibanzi kusukela kubathengisi isofthiwe.

Kukhona futhi has izinkinga eziningi, izazi labelwe:

- eliningi ngokwanele ezinkulu zokuxhumana ngabanye;

- ukungakwazi Computing basakaza;

- ukungakwazi uzulazule izinsiza ezisingethwe ku-server.

Sibonile ngenhla ukuthi kubhekwe zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile kusekelwa ezinkulu yesistimu yokusebenza yomsebenzisi, kanye nokusabalalisa imikhiqizo software. Nokho, nobubanzi balolu olandelwayo kuyinto kakhulu ebanzi ukwedlula ukuqaliswa kwe zokuxhumana algorithm ngaphakathi ngokwezifiso izixazululo. HTTP ejwayelekile ligcwaliswa umkhakha, video ukubhekwa izinhlelo, ingqalasizinda SCADA.

Inani elikhulu abakhiqizi, abe anaka ukuxhumana ezihlukahlukene yezifiso kumanethiwekhi njengoba base yokwakha netinsita, ukhethe HTTP - njengoba ithuluzi sokusebenza nokunokwethenjelwa batfole imithombo ehlukahlukene inthanethi, ukumisa izinto, ezahlukene Ukuphathwa devaysa.

Uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile iqiniso ekhona ngale mboni, liphakathi ethandwa kakhulu Modbus olandelwayo akunakubangelwa emakethe ingxenye efanele.

Kuyini Modbus olandelwayo?

Namazinga afanele ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukusebenziseka phakathi izakhi ezahlukene ngaphakathi ezishintshayo ingqalasizinda ekukhiqizeni izinto. Imelelwa olandelwayo okuhambisanayo kungaba kulezo izinhlobo ingashintshwa ukuze ukudluliselwa idatha uhlobo oluthile zokuxhumana isiteshi - yezintambo, engenantambo (bona bazabela uhlobo izinsiza wokuqala ingase ihlanganise ithusi, izintambo fiber-optic - kanti ezinye olandelwayo ukuguqulwa eyenzelwe kubo, okuyinto inkulumo).

Kukhona izinguqulo Mobdus, ingashintshwa ukudlulisa idatha phezu TCP / IP. Omunye ethandwa phakathi zezimboni isinqumo - PROFIBUS-FDL.

Kuyini PROFIBUS-FDL olandelwayo?

protocol Okubukwe usebenza ngaphakathi inethiwekhi PROFIBUS ukuthi sandile phakathi amabhizinisi European. sibonelo sayo yasungulwa ngu Siemens ochwepheshe futhi zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ukukhiqizwa lapho behileleka abalawuli.

Ngemva kwalokho, ingqalasizinda inethiwekhi kwamiswa ngesisekelo German ukuthuthukiswa corporation, lapho izici ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe kanye nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa ukuxhumana serial yahlanganiswa, okuqondene ezingeni ensimini. Okubukwe inethiwekhi olandelwayo ukuvumele ukuhlanganiswa ezishintshayo kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene ibe uhlelo olulodwa ukukhiqizwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sivumelwano PROFIBUS-FDL - akuyena yedwa ukuthi usebenza njengoba kusho inethiwekhi ezimbonini. Nokho, yiwo kanye iphuzu Ngenxa ukusebenza kwenhlanganiso lokufinyelela ibhasi main.

Ngandlela-thile, kubhekwe protocol zokuxhumana kulekelelwa nge mazinga alandelayo:

- DP;

- PA;

- FMS.

PROFIBUS DP olandelwayo isetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa kwe-data phakathi ehola zezimboni devaysa uhlobo DP, kanye kumadivayisi lapho input bese okukhipha lisisebenzisa isikimu basakaza. Futhi lapho wathi olandelwayo sinika amandla idatha exchange ngesivinini. Ubuye abe izindleko iphansana kokusebenza, okuyinto lungenza amabhizinisi athandwa nezincane.

PROFIBUS PA ejwayelekile ivumela ukuxhumana phakathi ingqalasizinda, esakhiwa imishini ezihlobene ezingeni ensimini. Iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo elungiselelwe yokuxhuma izinzwa ezihlukahlukene kanye izindlela ukuze komugqa noma indandatho ibhasi Imininingwane.

PROFIBUS FMS ejwayelekile libhekene ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. It yenzelwe ngokuyinhloko ukuze ukushintshanisa kwe-data phakathi izingxenye zobuchwepheshe ingqalasizinda zezimboni - amakhompyutha, program, abalawuli.

Phakathi ebheka namakhono yezifiso ezisebenza PROFIBUS - nokuvuleka (ie, bangakwazi kusetshenziswe noma yiluphi uhlelo umkhakha nesithakazelo), ukwanda (okuholela esiqoshiwe uyakekela kwengqalasizinda ezimbonini izimakethe elandayo, ukuvula izindawo ezintsha zokukhiqiza).

isifinyezo

Ngakho, siye sahlola ubunjalo zokuxhumana yezifiso, watadisha izici ezinye izinhlobo ezidumile kumigomo efanele. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - ukuqinisekisa idatha ngaphakathi nezakhiwo okwakha. Lokho - labo ezingaba ngemvumo yonkana ingqalasizinda ngokuvamile kakhulu ephakeme ukwedlula isikali inkampani eyodwa.

Eqinisweni, sikhuluma namazinga omhlaba: yesimanje zokuxhumana yeselula yezifiso, yezintambo, Wi-Fi ukuxhumana, sekusakazeke kakhulu, ozenza atholakale lula sikala. Yiqiniso, kwezinye izimo, ngisho ezifana zezimali zomhlaba njengoba ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokuxhumana mobile kungenzeka ukusebenzisa yezifiso yesifunda, kodwa ehlangene nezithakazelo zoMbusi brand enkulu - ukwethula, uma akusiyo kuphambene izithakazelo ibhizinisi, futhi kwezinye izimo - futhi isimo, ngangokunokwenzeka amazinga obumbene, ezokwenza ngcono ukuxhumana ngamazwe.

Kunezindlela eziningana ukuxhumana eziyisisekelo yezifiso. Esimeni semakhaya-Inthanethi, bahlanganisa HTTP, TCP / IP. Esikhathini ingxenye amasevisi ukunikeza ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi kulabo akunakubangelwa PPP ejwayelekile. Uma umsebenzisi ubona umlayezo ukuthi PPP-isixhumanisi ukulawula olandelwayo lunqunyiwe, yena ngeke cishe ngeke ukwazi ukuthola ukufinyelela ku-intanethi noma nge-HTTP, noma usebenzisa i-TCP / IP. Ngakho, izinga ngamunye kubaluleke kakhulu futhi, ngempela, ezimweni eziningi, kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa omunye. Uma olulodwa olandelwayo uxhumano uphazanyiswa, kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzisi ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ukufinyeleleka kwimithombo lenhlangano yokuxhumana okuyinto bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile.

Ukuxhumana Izivumelwano - ithuluzi esisemqoka ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi emkhakheni ngokwezifiso nezokuxhumana, kanye zezimboni, inkonzo imikhakha. Ngu isinqumo kahle indinganiso oluthile kuncike impumelelo wokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo ingqalasizinda ezifanele, kanye ukusebenza yayo - ngekuya kweluhlelo ukusebenza ratio futhi ukufakwa yayo izindleko. Kanjalo, ukutadisha ekuseni we izakhiwo zenethiwekhi yezifiso, ukukhethwa elilungile - umsebenzi obalulekile we abaphathi ibhizinisi obhekene ukuqalisa ukusebenza kanye ingqalasizinda wezokuxhumana inkampani.