Navigation uhlelo. Marine Navigation Systems

imishini Ukuzulazula ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo kanye ukuhlela kabusha. Kukhona izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezimweni yolwandle oluvulekile, kuyilapho abanye ingashintshwa ukuze uquqaba ezibanzi abasebenzisi, kusebenzisa Amatilosi kakhulu izinjongo ukuzijabulisa. Yiziphi uhlelo lokuhamba?

Kuyini navigation?

Igama elithi "navigation" livela Latin. izwi Navigo kusho "ezintantayo emkhunjini." Ngakho ekuqaleni kwaba cishe lahlotshaniswa nokuba lokuthumela noma ukuzulazula. Kodwa nge ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe ezihambisa ukuzungeza endleleni lwemikhumbi ku izilwandle, leholele zezindiza, isikhala ubuchwepheshe, leli gama liye kwelulwe kakhulu uhla ukutolika kungenzeka.

Namuhla, ngaphansi navigation kusho inqubo lapho umuntu kukhonjelwe Izilawuli ezithile, ngesisekelo izixhumanisi zalo ngekwendzawo. Okungukuthi navigation siqukethe izinqubo ezimbili - ngaphansi kwesandla sayo ngokuqondile, kanye ekunikeleni endleleni kahle into.

izinhlobo navigation

Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo navigation kumba eqolo. ochwepheshe Modern ukuhlonza okulandelayo izinhlobo zako ezisemqoka:

- imoto;

- yezinkanyezi;

- navigation isilwane;

- emoyeni;

- isikhala;

- ulwandle;

- umsakazo navigation;

- satellite;

- komhlaba;

- Imininingwane;

- inertial.

Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo navigation kuhlobene - ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukusebenza ubuchwepheshe ohilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, navigation imoto ngokuvamile isebenzisa amathuluzi ejwayelekile satellite.

Kunezinhlobo okuxubile lapho imithombo eminingana zobuchwepheshe asetshenziswa kanyekanye, ezifana, isibonelo, ukuhamba zezokwazisa. Kungenzeka ukhiye, njengoba imithombo enjenge-satellite. Nokho, inhloso oyinhloko uwasebenzisela amaqembu target abasebenzisi ngolwazi oludingekayo.

navigation system

Uhlobo ohambelana navigation amafomu, njengoba umthetho, igama elifanayo kohlelo. Kukhona, ngaleyo ndlela, uhlelo yemoto navigation, ulwandle, isikhala, njll Incazelo leli gama ukhona emphakathini uchwepheshe. A uhlelo lokuhambisa, ngokuvumelana nencazelo ezivamile - iqoqo izinhlobo ezahlukene imishini (futhi uma kudingekile - futhi isofthiwe) ezikuvumela ukucacisa isikhundla into, kanye ukubala umzila wakhe. I yamathuluzi kungaba ezahlukene lapha. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi, uhlelo libhekene zingxenye ezilandelayo eziyisisekelo ezifana:

- amakhadi (ngokuvamile ngekhompyutha);

- izinzwa, iziphuphutheki kanye nezinye amayunithi kuhlaziywa izixhumanisi;

- non-system izinto okunikeza ulwazi mayelana indawo ye-target;

- hardware ne-software ukuhlaziywa iyunithi, idatha input bese okukhipha nokuxhuma izithako yokuqala emithathu.

Njengomthetho, isakhiwo labo noma ezinye izinhlelo ingashintshwa ukuze izidingo abasebenzisi ekupheleni. Izinhlobo ezithile izixazululo kungenzeka asiqokomisa athuthukile ubheke uhlelo ingxenye, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hardware. Ngokwesibonelo, othandwayo kuleli Russian navigation system "Navitel" - lena ezithambile ngaphezulu. It yakhelwe ukusebenzisa anhlobonhlobo izakhamuzi, ukufuya izinhlobo ezahlukene kumadivayisi eselula - laptops, amaphilisi, Smartphones.

Ukushayela Umkhumbi Nge-satellite

Noma yimuphi uhlelo lokuhambisa eqala, okokuqala kunakho konke, sokunquma izixhumanisi into - ngokuvamile womhlaba. Ngokomlando, amathuluzi kule ndaba lalilokhu ngcono. Namuhla, i-navigation system e-eziphambili kakhulu - satellite. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-imelelwa iqoqo imishini ephezulu ukucacisa, ingxenye esemgwaqweni eMhlabeni, elinye - kwakwenziwa orbit. satellite Modern navigation systems ungakwazi ukubala hhayi kuphela izixhumanisi ezindawo into kodwa futhi ijubane nendlela yekuhambisa sandla salo.

Tincenye satellite navigation

Ukwakheka izinhlelo abafanele sifake izinto ezilandelayo eziyisisekelo: satellite iKhima, phansi amayunithi angakahleleki Ukudidiyela izinto esemkhathini futhi ukushintshisana ngolwazi kubo amadivayisi umsebenzisi (Itilosi), ifakwe software adingekayo, kwezinye izimo - izesekeli sokunqophisa kwendawo (GSM-umbhoshongo amashaneli inthanethi, umsakazo beacons, njll).

Kanjani satellite navigation

Kanjani uhlelo satellite navigation? Ngesisekelo ukusebenza - nesilinganiso algorithm ibanga kusuka into kumasathalayithi. Lesi sakamuva itholakala ku-orbit cishe ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo sakhe, futhi ngoba isimo sabo njalo isihlobo njalo Earth. Esikhathini Navigator, izibalo okuhambisanayo nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. Ukuthola satellite sebezivumisile exhunywe nalokho (noma eziningi), ama-apharathasi inquma yena, isikhundla salo ezindawo. Indlela eyisisekelo lapha - ekubalweni ibanga satellite-based isivinini wave emsakazweni. into esemkhathini ithumela isicelo eMhlabeni ukunemba ezehlukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - lisebenzisa i iwashi le-athomu. Ukuthola impendulo evela itilosi, satellite (noma iqembu yalo) enquma ibanga esikhathini esithize kwadingeka ukuba kudlule isikhathi wave emsakazweni. Ngokufanayo, velocity kulinganiswa into - isilinganiso kancane kuphela kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu.

nobunzima bobuchwepheshe

Sithole ukuthi navigation satellite - ephelele kakhulu namuhla indlela yokunquma izixhumanisi ezindawo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa esisebenzayo lobu buchwepheshe kuhambisana eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Yini, isibonelo? Okokuqala, kuba heterogeneity wokusabalalisa zasendle adonsela phansi iplanethi - lokhu kuthinta isikhundla isihlobo ngesiphuphutheki ukuze Earth. A impahla efanayo nalo libhekene emkhathini. heterogeneity kwalo kungahle kuphazamise Isivinini ngamagagasi omsakazo, yingakho ku Ubukhulu abafanele kungenzeka ngendlela efanele.

Enye into eyindida lobuchwepheshe - isiginali ethunyelwe kusukela e-satellite ukuthola itilosi, ngokuvamile zaphazamisa ngamanye izinto eliwumhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele uhlelo emadolobheni nge amade kunzima.

ukusetshenziswa Engokoqobo Yezindaba iziphuphutheki

Isethelayithi navigation systems akutholayo anhlobonhlobo izicelo. Ngezindlela eziningi - njengoba ingxenye izingxube ezihlukahlukene zoketshezi kwezentengiselwano orientation civil. Kungaba nekhaya zikagesi eziphezu kwamakhabethe kanye isibonelo, abezindaba Amatebhe navigation system. Ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa empini, isisetshenziswa iziphuphutheki kukhona abahloli, nochwepheshe kulo mkhakha of ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe, izinkampani zokuthutha, izinkampani izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene umphakathi. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ezizibandakanyile iziphuphutheki. Ikakhulukazi, angasetshenziswa ukubala ukunyakaza ashukumisayo zomhlaba zomhlaba amapuleti. Asetshenziswa amatilosi satellite futhi njengoba ithuluzi lokumaketha - ngosizo ukukhalipha, lapho kukhona izindlela geopositioning, izinkampani ucwaningo ikhasimende sabo base, kanye, isibonelo, ngqo ukukhangisa abahlosiwe. Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa amatilosi namasosha - bona, eqinisweni, wazakhela ezinkulu navigation systems namuhla, GPS kanye GLONASS - I-izidingo US Army neRussia ngokulandelana. Futhi lokhu akuyona uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izindawo lapho iziphuphutheki ingasetshenziswa.

navigation systems Modern

Yikuphi izinhlelo navigation tisebenta namuhla kuhlanganise esebenzayo noma e esiteji ukuthunyelwa? Asiqale nge lowo uvele emakethe yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke ekuqaleni kunamanye navigation systems - GPS. Umthuthukisi Kwalo umnikazi - US Department of Defence. Amadivayisi ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa GPS-satellites - okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni. Ikakhulu ngoba, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, US navigation system iye kwetfulwa emakethe ngaphambili kuka izimbangi zayo zamanje.

Ngezenzo kuyanda GLONASS. Lena - Russian navigation system. It kungokwalabo yena, eMnyango Wezokuvikela we Russian Federation. Yaklanyelwa, ngokusho version, mayelana nenkathi efanayo ukuthi we-GPS - ngasekupheleni 80 sika - zakuqala 90. Nokho, emakethe komphakathi kwafakelwa ezifuywa ngo-2011. abakhiqizi abaningi hardware izixazululo ekusebenziseni navigation GLONASS ukwesekwa ngamacebo abo.

Kusolwa ukuthi umncintiswano sina ukuba GLONASS GPS ungenza global navigation system "Beidou", ithuthukiswe China. Nokho, okwamanje isebenza kuphela njengoba kazwelonke. isimo Global ke ungathola ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, abahlaziyi, ngo-2020, lapho orbit iziphuphutheki ngokwanele azoboniswa - mayelana 35. "Beidou" ihlelo lokuthuthukisa uhlelo ngokulinganiswa ayemncane - ke uye kuphela nje waqala ngo-2000, kanti i-satellite kuqala umkhankaso kule Onjiniyela Chinese 2007.

Ukuzama ukugcina baseYurophu. I GLONASS navigation system futhi okuphikisana nalo American esikhathini esizayo Ungangenela sibalelwa ukuncintisana uGalileo. Vula umlaza satellites e isilinganiso esifanele esemkhathini izinto amayunithi baseYurophu ukuhlela 2020.

Phakathi kwezinye amaphrojekthi ethembisa sokuthuthukiswa amasistimu navigation kungenziwa kuphawulwe Indian IRNSS, futhi QZSS Japanese. Ngokuphathelene esakazwa kabanzi Imininingwane yenengi ngezinhloso lonjiniyela ukwakha zohlelo jikelele kuze kube manje. Kusolwa ukuthi IRNSS uyokhonza kuphela insimu yeNdiya. Uhlelo kubuye kuhle abasha - satellite lokuqala wafakwa orbit ngo-2008. Japanese uhlelo satellite kulindeleke ukuba kusetshenziswe ikakhulukazi endaweni yezwe noma unjiniyela eseduze nale ndlela kazwelonke.

ukuma ukunemba

Ngenhla siphawulile eziningana nobunzima ezihambelana nokuqhutshwa satellite navigation systems. Phakathi main, esasikubiza ngokuthi - indawo iziphuphutheki emzileni, noma ukunyakaza kwabo indlela oyifunayo akuyona njalo tinekucina eliphelele ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Lokhu kubalwa inquma efanele izixhumanisi ezindawo kuleli Navigator. Nokho, lesi akusona isici kuphela ezinomthelela ukubeka lesifanele ngesiphuphutheki. Yini enye esithinta ukunemba kubalwa izixhumanisi?

Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe - labo kuma-atomic clock efakwe kumasathalayithi akuzona olunembile ngokuphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ziyakwazi kungenzeka, nakuba amancane kakhulu, kodwa namanje kuthinte izinga navigation system amaphutha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma lapho kubalwa isikhathi lapho amaza omsakazo ihamba, ngeke wenza iphutha ezingeni amashumi nanoseconds, le AMANGA ekutholweni izixhumanisi phansi okuhloswe kungaba amamitha ambalwa. Nokho, iziphuphutheki yesimanje amathuluzi avumela ekubaleni, ngisho ikhumbula amaphutha kungenzeka iwashi le-athomu.

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi phakathi izici ezithinta ukunemba izinhlelo navigation - heterogeneity ka emkhathini woMhlaba. Kuyoba usizo ukwelekelela leli qiniso nolunye ulwazi oluhlobene umthelela eduze-Earth emasimini ukusebenza kwe-satellites. Iqiniso lokuthi isimo iplanethi yethu wahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amagatsha amaningana. I lowo empeleni emngceleni nge isikhala khulula - ionosphere - siqukethe ungqimba izinhlayiya kokuba icala elithile. Basuke kwaphazamiseka amaza omsakazo, satellite ithumela, kunganciphisa ijubane yabo, lapho ibanga into ingabalwa ngephutha. Phawula ukuthi lolu hlobo umthombo wezinkinga zokuxhumana Onjiniyela umsebenzi satellite navigation: e ubuchule imishini esemkhathini ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa izinhlobo ezahlukene simo zokulungisa, ikhumbula kulesi sibalo ukudlula amaza omsakazo ngokusebenzisa ionosphere.

Amafu kanye nezinye izenzakalo asemkhathini kungathikameza Ukunemba izinhlelo navigation. Umhwamuko samanje ezingqimbeni abafanele lomoya emhlabeni emgodleni, kanye izinhlayiya ku ionosphere, kuthinte ijubane namagagasi omsakazo.

Yiqiniso, ngokuphathelene yasekhaya ukusetshenziswa GLONASS noma i-GPS lichaza ekwakheni amayunithi ezinjalo, ezifana uhlelo lokuhambisa abezindaba, okuyinto imisebenzi ngezindlela eziningi bezijabulisa, abanye ezinganembile ezincane Ukudidiyela yezinqumo akuzona esibucayi. Kodwa lapho ukusetshenziswa lempi iziphuphutheki ohambelana izibalo kufanele kuhle kube lusizo kwindawo yangempela ezindawo lezinto.

Izici sea navigation

Ngemva ukhuluma ngani uhlobo yesimanje kakhulu Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, sithatha uhambo olufushane ku umlando. Njengoba yaziwa, igama elithi uqobo, okukhulunywa ngaye, ngoba wabonakala okokuqala imvelo ababehamba olwandle. Iziphi izici 'zinezikhathi zasolwandle navigation systems?

Ekhuluma isici zomlando, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukuvela amathuluzi anawo amatilosi ngesikhathi. Enye "isixazululo hardware" Ekuqaleni waba ikhampasi, okuyinto kubhekwa Ochwepheshe abathile ukuba ziye yasungulwa ngekhulu XI. Inqubo imephu, navigation, zibe yizikhali ukhiye bathuthukisa. Ngo XVI ekhulwini Gerard uMercator waqala kumephu isekelwe esimisweni kwesicelo projection cylindrical nge engele alinganayo. Ekhulwini XIX kwathiwa kusungulwe lag - iyunithi mechanical uyakwazi ukulinganisa isivinini lwemikhumbi. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ku arsenal of amatilosi uvele radar, bese kumasathalayithi zokuxhumana isikhala. I eziphambili kakhulu navigation zasolwandle izinhlelo manje ezisebenza, ngaleyo ndlela nokuvuna izinzuzo ukuhlola umkhathi ngumuntu. Yiziphi imininingwane umsebenzi wabo?

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi isici esiyinhloko okuyinto libhekene yesimanje zasolwandle navigation system - imishini esezingeni efakwe umkhumbi, has a ukumelana eliphezulu kakhulu nokuhuzuka amanzi. Lokhu kuyaqondakala - akunakwenzeka ukuba ngomkhumbi endaweni evulekile ukubhukuda izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ezweni, kwaba esimweni lapho imishini ehluleka ngokungalindelekile. Enhlabathini, lapho ukufinyelela - izinsiza impucuko, konke ingalungiswa, olwandle - kuyinkinga.

Yiziphi ezinye izici esiphawulekayo has ulwandle navigation system? imishini unomphela, ngaphezu izidingo zomthetho - ukugqoka ukumelana ngokuvamile yakhiwa amamojuli bazivumelanisa nenkanuko edlulele kwezinye imingcele kwemvelo (ukujula, izinga lokushisa lamanzi, njll). Futhi, isivinini womkhumbi e zasolwandle navigation systems, ezimweni eziningi azinakho ibalwa iziphuphutheki nezindlela njalo.