Izinhlobo zomlando zombuso. Izinhlobo State kanye noMthetho

Ezweni kukhona abangaba ngu-200 uthi ezimele. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi abaningi babo avunyelwe sihlanganise lisesigabeni libhekene generality nekufana zezici elisemqoka lentuthuko. , Ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziningana emazweni. izindlela zesayensi sokunquma isabelo sabo. Miphi kukhona ethandwa kakhulu isayensi Russian?

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama typology

Asikhulume lokuqala konke mayelana nomqondo uhlobo isimo. Ngokwe incazelo ezivamile leli gama kubonisa ubulungu wezombangazwe ukuze isigaba ethile (noma iqembu), elinesimo iqoqo izimfuneko ezithile. State kanye nomthetho, abacwaningi bakholelwa, ziye zashintsha ngezigaba. Ngakho-ke, basonta eyodwa noma olunye uhlobo kungenzeka ukulandelela kokubili ngokoMthetho ukuhlanganisa nge nenkathi engokomlando ezithile, futhi ngokutadisha izakhiwo zabo, ezimele isikhathi, kodwa ngomqondo yokuqhathanisa. Kwezinye abacwaningi umqondo umbono uhlobo isimo ezihambisana izici isebenze therein ukuphathwa inqubomgomo uhlelo, izikhungo zomthetho nokunye. D. Kulokhu, ukucabangela lingasetshenziswa njengoba eside imishwana lahlotshaniswa "ifomu ibhodi" noma isibonelo "Imodi zezombusazwe".

Ngo yesimanje Russian wezifundo zezombusazwe izinhlobo isimo futhi umthetho ngokuvamile aqondwe njengokufaka amakilasi, izimfanelo okuyinto zikwazi ukuthwala izinhlangano elilodwa noma kwenye eNgophezukonke zezombusazwe ngokomongo bangobani formational futhi civilizational kubo. Kulokhu, ulwazi lwamagama afana nelithi "uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni" noma "wezombusazwe" kungabhekwa njengokwenzeka olucacile. Kule ndaba, abacwaningi yasekhaya ukuhlonza izinhlobo zomlando zombuso, okuvela kuyo lapho kungabonwa maqondana nokuthuthukiswa zokwakheka ezithile noma impucuko. Umbandela wokuqala kanti eyesibili, Okwamanje, kunqunywa izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene theory ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlangano zezombusazwe. Cabangela le miqondo emibili - kumiswa nempucuko.

indlela formational

Phakathi kakhulu, evame kakhulu isayensi Russian osondela - formational. uhlobo esimweni oluhambisana omunye amakilasi alandelayo: bakudala (noma imiphakathi), isigqila, izinduna, isicebi (noma wobunxiwankulu), a lamaKhomanisi. zindlela Basic ngayinye kuchaziwe izimfundiso noKarla Marksa futhi Fridriha Engelsa, okuyinto kubhekwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinto yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Amaphuzu amqoka we imiqondo efanele - kumiswa kunqunywa umnotho (eyisisekelo sezimfundiso), kanye nobudlelwano nomphakathi, umthetho, amafilosofi (enquma isengezo e).

Imihlobo oshiwo ngenhla zombuso zomlando ngokuhambisana imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marx no Engels ihlukaniswa esekelwe izingxenye ezinkulu ezilandelayo: indlela zokukhiqiza, linqoba impahla amafomu kubo, degree of division of umphakathi class kanye izici ngamunye amaqembu ayo nomphakathi. Masitadishe ezinye izici zazo.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zokwakheka

uthi Nceku ngokuvumelana theory umbuzo abangu elinesimo isisekelo ngesimo emnothweni wezolimo, ama-predominance kobunikazi isimo izindlela zokukhiqiza, ngezinga eliphezulu ekilasini division of umphakathi, lapho iningi labantu wayencike, ezigqila - amancane. Izibonelo uthi enjalo zingatholakala ngokutadisha umlando wasendulo East, neRoma lasendulo bese kuba iGrisi.

EnguMbusi izinhlangano zezombusazwe uhlobo izinduna libhekene yena, ngesisekelo yezolimo, ingcweti kanye nomnotho yokukhiqiza kanye predominance kwempahla amakhosi asendulo. Ngokuphathelene amakilasi emphakathini - kwenqwaba sabantu e-United yayimelelwe isigaba ongumlimi, sincike izinduna, ngenhla okuyinto ezingeni suzerains isikhundla onaso emphakathini. izinhlobo zomlando ka isimo isigaba - serfs iminyaka isiRashiya, kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu: eJalimane, e-Italy, eFrance.

Emazweni kosozimali noma wobunxiwankulu kunezinhlobo ezahlukene impahla, kodwa ubuswa yangasese, isisekelo somnotho kusekelwe ukukhiqizwa ifektri emakethe uhlobo lobuhlobo, umncintiswano. amakilasi emphakathini zihlukaniswe engenhla, maphakathi, aphansi, ezibonakala kakhulu indima social zabasebenzi kanye nonxiwankulu.

Ngokuhambisana imiqondo Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo ezifundeni lamaKhomanisi-hlobo kusho zokukhiqiza ogxile kufanele ngumnikazi isimo nomthethonqubo umnotho kwenzeka ngendlela kuhlelwe. The main izigaba zokuphila - abasebenzi, abalimi nezihlakaniphi.

izinhlobo zomlando zombuso, ngokusho indlela ekwakhekeni, kufanele ushintshe njengoba ukuqaliswa revolution yezenhlalakahle ephakama ngenxa isimo esibucayi, ubudlelwane phakathi kohlaka izinqubo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi amakilasi okhonzile ayisekho ukwaneliseka ekuphathweni kanye nokugcinwa inqubomgomo okuqhubekayo ehola namaqembu omphakathi, "phezulu".

Kuyini kumiswa zamanje?

Imihlobo esisekelo zombuso njengengxenye indlela kumiswa thina esibizwa. Nokho, abanye babo singakwazi ahlukanisa izinhlangano zezombusazwe yesimanje eNgophezukonke? Futhi ngokuvumelana nalokho mibandela? Ngokusho nomqondo Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo ngemva kokwakhiwa wobunxiwankulu kufanele avele uhlelo lamaKhomanisi. Experience ekwakheni walo wawenziwe Russia, futhi manje imodeli, okungenani ukuhambisana kuyizimpawu zokuthi IChina asathuthuka, cishe North Korea. Kodwa kuthiwani ngamanye amazwe? Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo kumiswa kosozimali Kuvezwe isikhathi eside: engaba ngu-300. States ukuthi basungula kohlaka imodeli elifanele, yaqala ukusebenza ngesisekelo, njengoba sishilo,-aspect kobunikazi eyimfihlo izindlela zokukhiqiza. Phakathi kokunye, i-abacwaningi baphawula izici zalesi ukwakheka - ukuzimela ngokomthetho wesigaba sabasebenzi kusukela onxiwankulu. Ngokuphathelene ngalezi zimfanelo ezimbili iningi amazwe athuthukile, njengoba abanye abacwaningi abakholelwa ukuthi, ngandlela-thile akunakubangelwa uhlobo ngezigaba wobunxiwankulu of Marx no Engels.

Kukhona Nokho, ochwepheshe cabanga esisemthethweni ukuhlukanisa okubizwa ngokuthi imodeli zesikhashana capitalism a ukwakheka bahluke, ingashintshwa ukuze izidingo emphakathini, atikaneliseki izinhlelo zamanje. Phakathi abacwaningi akukho ukuqonda okujwayelekile ku ecacile zindlela sokusebenzisana kunakunoma iliphi izwe le kumiswa. yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi njani ubudlelwane zokukhiqiza, kwezinye izimo - khona ezinye izakhi amakhosi asendulo. Izinqubo ethize okungenzeka lo zokuthutha umphakathi elihambisana kusukela kumiswa omunye kwenziwe kuze kube komunye, okukholelwa abanye abacwaningi zingahambelani ukuhlanganiswa izinqubo. Lokho, kusho inyunyana ye indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho yamazwe ahlukene, futhi kwezinye izimo - Inyunyana nezombusazwe njengoba isimo esinjalo, kungase kungabi isici kokunquma. Phakathi Cishe zangaphambi izithombe zalamaqembu.I zezombusazwe, abanye ochwepheshe ngokuthi EU. Njengoba sazi, phakathi kakhulu namazwe e-EU akukho ukulawula iphasiphothi, usebenza lwemali olulodwa, izimiso inqubomgomo angaphandle baseYurophu futhi ucishe ehlanganisiwe.

Nakuba kukhona umbono ukuthi European Union - kuyinto ngezinga elithile ukubuya yini owake eYurophu. Umlando amaRoma laziwe kubo bonke States. Esikhathini esidlule kwakunzima umbuso enkulu omkhulu, lapho ngokwendawo kuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu EU yesimanje. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlanganisa yesimanje abaMhlophe, abacwaningi bakholelwa - kungenzeka kungabi kangaka ekwakhekeni kumiswa ngokuyinhloko ezintsha njengoba ukukhiqizwa kabusha yayikhona esikhathini esidlule, inhlangano ye-imodeli yezwekazi kobukhosi zezombusazwe.

Noma kunjalo, izimfanelo izinhlobo zomlando zombuso kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa indlela kumiswa kuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ngokuvumela ngendlela ethile ukuze uhlukanise ezweni yesimanje. Cishe, manje izwe liyaqhubeka bahlala ikakhulu ohlelweni zama-Capitalist. Kodwa lokhu, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, akulona umbandela kuphela Ukwahlukaniswa uthi. Cabangela olunye uhlobo ethandwa.

indlela civilizational

izinhlobo zomlando zombuso kohlaka le ndlela ihlukaniswa ngesisekelo hhayi kuphela ngemigomo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, kodwa futhi ngesisekelo owandile izinhlangano zezombusazwe zalo, kwamasiko, izimiso zomthetho ngokomoya futhi izinkambiso, okuyinto kwakha iqoqo izici impucuko. Cabanga ngezibonelo salezi zigaba.

IMIPHAKATHI emhlabeni

izinhlobo zomlando zinhlobo zohulumeni kohlaka indlela ophucukile ehlongozwayo ngu abacwaningi e inqwaba imiqondo theory. Ngokwesibonelo, Oswald Spengler babekholelwa ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando wesintu uye wazakhela ngaphakathi 8 amasiko civilizational, uKarl Jaspers wakhetha 9 impucuko, u-Arnold Toynbee izimfundiso inombolo yabo kwaba 21. Esinye sezici ezivelele imiqondo yesayensi, isibonelo, 7 impucuko yasendulo: yaseMesophothamiya, umGibhithe, yamaGreki namaRoma, engumKrethe, WaseByzantium, Central American futhi zase-Andes, futhi mayelana 8 namuhla: entshonalanga, Chinese, isi-Japanese, Islamic, wamaHindu, Orthodox waseRussia, Afrika, eLatin America.

Abanye abacwaningi ukuhlukanisa impucuko zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Umbandela eyinhloko ukutjheja imikhawulo - indima engadlalwa uhulumeni e nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Ngokwesibonelo, impucuko eyinhloko kubandakanye ngokugcwele ekuthuthukiseni wenhlangano eNgophezukonke zezombusazwe. Umnotho, umphakathi, isimo kanye nomthetho kulesi imodeli zihlobene kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, impucuko indima yesibili isimo Kuthi ezincane eziningi. It amathumba phansi superstructure - le, zomthetho, ingxenye ezingokomoya kwamasiko yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Izibonelo impucuko ezinjalo - Latin American, Western Europe.

typology amalungelo

Nge kumiswa zikahulumeni kukhona eduze izinqubo ahlobene, khomba ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa yomthetho. Yini eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kulesi siqondiso angabizwa ngokuthi ezivamile?

Phakathi kwaleyo ezidumile isayensi zomlando - umqondo ukuthi ilungelo oluthathwa ku izinhlobo ezimbili - yemvelo futhi omuhle. Eyokuqala ibonisa kakhulu engabhaliwe, enembile kumuntu kwezinkambiso izimiso umphakathi. Okwesibili - lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, imithetho elinemininingwane imithetho yabo futhi amathuluzi, ukujwayeza ukuba imvelo ethize zokulawula.

umthetho wemvelo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe omuhle. Kodwa phakathi ososayensi uhlala into debatable: at esithile ngesikhathi correlative roomates nge, bathi, okuvela kuyo kumiswa noma impucuko uvele umthetho omuhle? Kukhona inguqulo kwaba nesintu kusukela yaqala, eqinisweni, waqala ukuthuthukisa kohlaka indlela formational futhi civilizational.

Mshini zombuso kumiswa njengoba typology umbandela

Typology kungaba kwenziwe ngesisekelo indlela lapho zidlula emkhakheni wezemfundo. Endaweni yocwaningo, inani elikhulu imiqondo kulesi siqondiso. Kukhona uthi ezingavela njengoba esethole sovereignty of indawo ngaphambili ephethwe ngenye amayunithi ezimele zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi eziningi republic wangaphambili wase-USSR. Ngaphambi kokuwa kweSoviet Union kuphela ezimbalwa waba nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando wekuba sive ezimele. imfundo State kungenziwa ezihlobene izinqubo ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezizwe, elinesimo isiko langempela, ulimi, yekuphila. Ngakho-ke kwamiswa inqwaba kwamazwe anamuhla European. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba eJalimane nase-Italy - isikhathi eside ensimini ka kula mazwe kwakukhona izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezimele. Ngokwezinga elithile e-United States kuba nakho okumangalisayo. Basuke izimpawu abanye abacwaningi njengesibonelo isimo, united hhayi esenziwa izibopho kwamasiko kanye kazwelonke, kanye ngesisekelo imibono yeningi nenkululeko uMthethosisekeleo, intuthuko ngokokuqala, lapho baseMelika baye banquma ukuzibusa besuka eNgilandi ngo-kwekhulu le-18.

Russia

Indlela ukucacisa uhlobo isimo Russian? Mhlawumbe wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke ukunquma nalokho isikhathi zomlando kucatshangelwe. Iqiniso lokuthi izwe lethu engaphezu kwenkulungwane edlule. Uma Russia futhi correlate izinhlobo kwamazwe anamuhla, kusekelwe nomqondo Marx no Engels, siba semathubeni kwazo ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu uhlelo zama-Capitalist. Nge ukwakhiwa kwalesi lamakhomanisi, njengoba sazi, akwenzekanga. Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, kwakukhona umthombo futhi kumiswa izinduna emlandweni Russian. Kwesinye ukuhlaziya indlela kungenziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni waseRussia, okuqondene Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia impucuko.

Ngokuphathelene umbandela sibonakalisa izici lemfundo kuleli zwe njengoba inhlangano eNgophezukonke zezombusazwe ukuthi, ikhumbula eminyaka ubudala isipiliyoni wekuba sive, thina, cishe, kufanele ashiwo amazwe lapho wazithatha ngenxa inqubo ukuhlanganiswa - ezingeni emasikweni, izilimi, inkolo.

Umlando isimo Russian - kuba inyunyana ye Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic nezinye izizwe, isici esiyisihluthulelo okukholelwa abacwaningi abaningi, kwaba isimo imperial yeRussia. Ngaphakathi kohlaka olufanele isikhathi zomlando ezweni lapho yethu, uma sithatha njengesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, kamuva sithathelwe indawo capitalism.

Russia - ezweni zokwakheka eziningana?

Ngemva 1917, isici imperial uyekile ukudlala indima, bese kuleli zwe, lapho ngaphambili kwakungekho uhlobo federal noma ezinye izinhlangano lelitimele, ngaphandle waba ukuzimela kahle esikhulu waya ePoland futhi Finland, kwamiswa ezimele amayunithi ezepolitiki eziningana eNgophezukonke nsuku kazwelonke. Nokho, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, izwe ayesanda kuthola inkululeko, ngaphandle nje Poland futhi eFinland, babeqaphile kakhulu ekubeni e isimo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho elilungile ukuze athuthukise ngokuzimela. Ngenxa yalokho, eMoscow wakwazi ukuqinisa kwabo angabacwasi ngokushesha njengengxenye eU.SSR imibono emisha - nobukhomanisi. Okufana kumiswa isimo ukuthi sekukhona ezweni lethu, ikhumbula anezele lomqondo ezimfundisweni Lenin, uStalin nezinye nabaholi baseSoviet, ngokuvamile, kwaba ngokwanele eduze onobuhle ezincwadini Marx no Engels.

Lapho, phakathi neminyaka yokwakha kabusha ekuhlanganiseni isici lamaKhomanisi uyekile ukudlala indima, isikhala zezombusazwe ezwe elaliyi-Russian Empire baba njengoba sisazi namuhla. Njengoba nje emva kwempi kuka-1917, Izwe lahlukaniswa laba eziningana uthi eNgophezukonke. izinhlangano zabo, ngo-1922, akwenzekanga. Kungani? Kukhona izinguqulo eziningi lo mphumela. On omunye wabo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ezivela emazweni yokuziphatha yayingahambisani izinsiza zezomnotho ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlelo zezomnotho nezombusazwe ezimele. Ngemva yokwakha kabusha, esikhundleni salokho, iningi kwaba enamandla Soviet ifa ingqalasizinda nokuningi noma tikhungo tekuphatfwa kancane esebenzayo. Ngenxa ukuntula isifiso ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa izimiso isimo esisha lamaKhomanisi empeleni ukubuyela le-capitalism kanye kusakhiwa ihholo ngaphakathi kumiswa.