Eritrea: incazelo emfushane izici amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Izwe Afrika Eritrea isendaweni ithiphu esentshonalanga ezikuyiHorn of Africa, e ogwini efudumele futhi omile uLwandle Olubomvu, igama lesiGreki lapho uthola igama layo kusukela iziphathimandla Italian wamakoloni. Naphezu kobungako nobuningi bayo encane, leli zwe izungezwe amazwe amathathu, inogu olude, futhi eziningana iziqhingi ezinkulu olwandle.

Iminonjana yamandulo

Endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Eritrea wathola yokupaka ababengaphambi womuntu lasendulo possessed efana abantu yesimanje isakhiwo skeleton.

sezulu omile emaphethelweni kungenzeka ukuthola ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi khona ezikuyiHorn of Africa, abantu basendulo. izinsalela zamathambo Ilondolozwe hhayi kuphela Neolithic, kodwa futhi imidwebo eminingi nasemihumeni.

Ngasogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, iqembu international abacwaningi bathola njalo amathuluzi Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, ababevame for the isizinda izinsiza zasemanzini, ezifana molluscs kanye amagobolondo, nenhlanzi usebenzisa bakudala ukudoba izingwegwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izazi zezilimi bakholelwa ukuthi izilimi Afro-Asiatic yesimanje baka ulimi, lokuqala yabonakala Horn of Africa.

Umbuso Aksum lasendulo

Ngenkathi samanje Eritrea akusho ukukhumbuza yobukhulu esidlule, nokho has a umlando onothileko eside. On amazwe ngasogwini loLwandle Olubomvu eside ngaphambi kokufika kobuKristu kwakukhona isimo nge isiko athuthukile. Izakhamuzi la mazwe ukukhiqiza nenhle izinto zasekhaya, phakathi okwakukhona kulo imikhiqizo zethusi ngobuningi namuhla eMnyuziyamu Antiquities enhloko-dolobha yase-Eritrea.

Nakuba ubuhlobo nalo isiko uthi Eritrea hhayi kuphela kodwa Ethiopia, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke Old Kingdom namanje endaweni Eritrea futhi ubizwa ngokuthi Axum.

Ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe futhi izingqinamba zezenhlalakahle

Eritrea ingenye kwabahluphekayo kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Lokhu kungenxa obumbi bomnotho nezombusazwe kuleli zwe kwakungelona eyishumi yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinkinga ezingathi sína ne nokuqashelwa kwamalungelo oluntu nguhulumende.

BaseYurophu abavamile kakhulu kungenzeka kungabi umqondo omuhle kakhulu lapho izwe Eritrea, Nokho, lokhu isimo ikhanga izingqapheli zamazwe omhlaba ehilelekile isimo kwamalungelo wobuntu. Kumelwe ukuthi abavikeli abaningi namuhla eduze kokuba angimangalele uhulumeni zwe zobugebengu okukhulu kwempi.

Okokuqala sokugxekwa weZizwe Ezihlangene ubiza nokuqasha abantu abaningi kwezingane. Ngenxa yezinkinga zezombangazwe kubangelwa izinkinga sezombusazwe kanye impi yamuva kulo lonke izwe uphikise saya eTopiya, leli lizwe linazo cishe akukho ukulawula emngceleni evumela amaqembu ezigelekeqe ezahlukene ngokukhululekile ukudlula komngcele Sudan, Ethiopia futhi shí izingqinamba zezenhlalakahle e Djibouti. Amaqembu nokwenza izingane amayunithi lempi ngenhloso ukuzisebenzisa ngokuphanga ukudunwa. Isikhathi esining impela, kuhlanganisani nokuqasha udlame olubhekiswe umndeni wengane: oyise ngokuvamile abulawe, omama nodadewabo abahlukunyezwayo.

ibutho Eritrea ingenye ngobukhulu e-Afrika, kodwa-ke akubhekwa ngokwanele ngempumelelo. Ngokusemthethweni, isevisi ukuba abanjwe kokubili amadoda nabesifazane eminyakeni nesigamu, kodwa ngokuvumelana nenhlangano "Izintatheli without Borders" namakomiti kwamalungelo wobuntu isevisi amashumi noma ngisho nokuphila konke.

Nokho, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe abakwazi ngokuphelele ukushintsha isimo.

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Afrika we-Eritrea

Asmara City inabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Njengezinye izihloko eziningi, yilona idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kuleli zwe, okuyinto, ngaphezu izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ufunani futhi fixed capital, ukukhiqizwa yezimboni nezisetshenziswa bokusungula yezwe, bagxila kule amanyuvesi kanye iminyuziyamu.

Lo muzi ubizwa sise ibanga elithileko kusuka olwandle sezulu kanye nehlobo hhayi hot too nobusika obungabandi. Nokho, njengoba kunjalo nangazo zonke kuleli zwe , Eritrea, inhlokodolobha itholakala endaweni kwezulu ongaphakeme phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu ehlobo. Phakathi nale nkathi, imvula yonyaka lingaphansi kuka 8 mm, lapho kanye ukwanda lokushisa kudala izimo ezidingekayo ukuze uthole izindawo eziphenduka ugwadule okusheshayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle yomkhiqizo wezolimo kulezi zindawo akunakwenzeka.

Capital namasiko

Naphezu izingxabano sina phakathi abase-Eritrea amaNtaliyane, iziphathimandla Italian wamakoloni benza okuningi okuhle Eritrea. Basuke ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Afrika we-Eritrea - Asmara idolobha, okuyinto eye walondoloza umsebenzi wayo njengoba isikhathi ekuphathweni Italian wamakoloni.

Asmara, yokuvinjezelwa isiNtaliyane, ochwepheshe abaningi nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu Dubai yesimanje, lapho abakhi ngumnikazi umcabango kuphela engavimba zendiza, uhulumende uzimisele ukuxhasa ucwaningo kwakwakhiwa kakhulu. Kusukela ngalezo zikhathi emangalisayo wahlala yaseshashalazini wezwe wokuqala, i-opera, isakhiwo eBhange State. Kulomuzi ka Benito uMussolini ubufuna ukudala ikoloni ezifana nalezo kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma.

Ngeshwa, ngokokuqala yokuzibusa ngaphandle Italy, Eritrea sihlangabezane eziningi ezingqubuzana kakhulu yamasosha, yabhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele ngesikhathi lapho umnotho wezwe. Urban izakhiwo wamakoloni nayo zithinteke kakhulu.

Kodwa, naphezu ngezinkinga ezingathí sina emnothweni, e Asmara ukusebenza Goudarstvenny University futhi Technical Institute, nalapho izakhamizi zikwazi ukuthola imfundo lobuchwepheshe kanye zosizo amakhono ahlukahlukene. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Eritrea ingavuthi umuzi lapho ukuqala i imvuselelo nezomnotho kuleli zwe.

Wobushiqela kanye nenkululeko yabezindaba

Eritrea isihloko ezithakazelisayo izinhlangano eziningi kwamalungelo wobuntu. Omunye ukwephulwa yesiteleka kakhulu futhi esobala kwamalungelo wobuntu kuyinto indaba ka-Isaka, nentatheli uDavid. Intathelizindaba, kokuba ubuzwe ombaxambili Eritrea neSweden, aphethwe ejele Eritrea iminyaka engu-15 ngaphandle amacala futhi ngaphandle kokubona ukwahlulela.

Le ndaba yaqala ngo-2001, lapho u-Isaka, kanye nezinye izintatheli yashicilela incwadi evulekile esibhekiswe iziphathimandla bememezana emkhosini soMthethosisekelo.

Ngokushesha ngemva salolu shicilelo kwalandelwa baboshwa ngobuningi izintatheli ngubani wasayina incwadi, futhi naphezu kwemizamo nezinhlangano zomhlaba, isiphetho abaningi basuke namanje akwaziwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Isaka wadedelwa kuphela ngo-2016, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nahlanu ejele. Ngokushesha ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, UNESCO unqume umklomelo walo Guillermo Cano Prize, ukhishwa yenkuthalo nokwethembeka yintatheli.

Eritrea: amaminerali

Ngo isakhiwo se-Eritrea umnotho namaminerali akusho uyohlala endaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko Ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezombangazwe, kubadumaze utshalomali.

I isabelo umkhakha emnothweni kazwelonke ingeqi 29%, kanye namabhizinisi amaningi kukhona usesimweni esibi kakhulu noma phansi ngokuphelele. Ngokuphathelene izidubedube, iningi labo ekhiqizwa Artisanal futhi akuphazamisi ezingaba ukuthekelisa wezwe. Ukuhlanganyela okuphawulekayo nokuthengiswa usawoti olwandle ekhishwe olwandle ukuhwamuka ubuchwepheshe bakudala kuphela.

Impi nobuphekula njengoba izithiyo ekukhuleni

Kuwo wonke umlando walo, kutimela Eritrea ilwa omakhelwane bayo, Uye waqikelela izinhlangano amaphekula ezisebenza emazweni aseduze, noma siphishekele ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu asebenzayo yezakhamuzi zalo siqu.

Isimo samanje emnothweni Eritrea nasemphakathini osekuzuziwe ngenxa empini ongenangqondo ne-Ethiopia, okwaqala ngo-1998 futhi Sahlukana eminyakeni emibili kamuva.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi izisulu impi yaqala amashumi ezinkulungwane izakhamuzi wawo womabili la mazwe. Womabili la mazwe bahileleke impi kwabancane nabesifazane, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi umngcele phakathi kwamadoda ahlomile nezakhamuzi ngaye, futhi nenombolo izisulu ezingenacala lakhula. Impi yaphela nge ukunqotshwa Eritrea futhi i-United Nations yanquma ukubeka on insimu yalo inombolo encane izingqapheli lempi.

umnotho wezwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi ayizange walulama, elite zezombusazwe lusobishini izingobe nokuhlukumeza, kuyilapho e-Europe khudlwana inani zababaleki ababevela kuwo Eritrea, abaningi babo bahamba amabanga amade ingozi empilweni yakhe, wawela uLwandle iMedithera ukuba endaweni eseningizimu-European amazwe, kodwa ikakhulukazi e-Italy.

Iqhaza komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba elikhulu ekuxazululeni izingxabano

Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ithumela zosizo Eritrea e omningi, kodwa zinikezwe yokuthi kwasekuqaleni, Eritrea - ezweni e-Afrika, ngaphandle iqhaza emazweni Afrika e kuqiniswa of isimo ngeke. Nokho, uhulumeni wase-Eritrea, ngokuvumelana kokuma we izikhulu ze-UN, ayenzi imizamo kumiselwe ukuzinza of ubudlelwano nomakhelwane.

Ngokwesibonelo, ku-ingxenye imibiko waseSomalia uhulumeni ukweseka Eritrea i-nhlangano amaphekula Islamic Ezinkantolo Union olwayo Federal Government of Somalia. Kodwa ithemba nokuhlalisana ngokuthula lamazwe angomakhelwane namanje, eqinisweni, njengamanye amazwe, Eritrea eyilungu UN futhi uphoqelekile ukuba wenze okushiwo isinqumo of umsebenzi walo emizimbeni.