Canto Bel - inqubo ye virtuoso ukucula. ukuqeqeshwa vocal. opera

ujenga imishwana zomculo, amavesi izingoma futhi umusa, izwi emangalisayo futhi ifa esiphelele ubuhle virtuoso ukucula. Ekuqaleni kwawo-namakhulu eminyaka XVI-XVII khona ukucula esikoleni, wanika izwe enza amasu vocal e-Italy, lapho okhuthele nemigomo ezihlotshisiwe amaNtaliyane awunika igama lokuthi canto bel (Bel Canto) - ". Omnandi" Musa ihaba, esiwuphawu ekuqaleni kwalesi nkathi, sokuthuthwa kwempahla vocals waseshashalazini futhi yekucala ukuqhubeka uhlobo opera.

Umsuka wegama opera e Florence

Uvele isikhathi echazwe opera lokuqala osikweleta lokuzalwa kwawo namalungu neqembu elincane abalandeli yobuciko lasendulo, kwakheka Florence wangena umlando zomculo ngokuthi "i-Florentine Camerata." Fans of lasendulo inhlekelele Greek iphupho ngivuselele inkazimulo yangaphambili uhlobo kanye nombono wokuthi nabalingisi musa blab, ahlabelele amagama usebenzisa umbhalo-recitative, imisindo omnandi inguquko bushelelezi.

Imisebenzi yokuqala kulotshiwe esichasiselweni we yamaGreki asendulo inganekwane Orpheus, kwaba umfutho ukuzalwa uhlobo olusha zomculo - opera. Kodwa ukhonza yayo izingxenye solo vocal (Arias) ophoqelelwe abahlabeleli sina ukubhekana izwi ukuqeqeshwa, okwakuyigama imbangela omnandi yobuciko - canto bel. Lokhu kusho ikhono ekukhipheni Ukwethula izingcezwana namanothi ku umoya eside ebe egcina olubushelelezi umsindo kulo umusho zomculo.

esikoleni Neapolitan

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII kwakheka Neapolitan opera isiko ukuthi ekugcineni bamukela phezu art esiteji of canto bel. Ingcebo yayiwuphawu Florentines kweluhlelo, futhi ushintsho yayo. Ngo-Naples, lo ukudlala Isakhi esiyinhloko steel umculo nokuhlabelela, hhayi izinkondlo, okwakunginika indima enkulu kulokhu. Lokhu emisha ngaso izilaleli futhi yabangela isiphepho nomdlandla.

abaqambi Neapolitan ikhipha siguqulwe opera. Baye akayikhohliwe ukusetshenziswa recitatives, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezahlukene: ephelezelwa (ephelezelwa-orchestra) futhi omile, equkethe ulwazi olunikezwe ngendlela esangxoxo ngaphansi ezingavamile ukulele Harpsichord ukugcina ithoni yomculo. ukuqeqeshwa Vocal, okuyinto eyaba kuphoqelekile izigilamkhuba, anda ukuthandwa izinombolo uwedwa, ukuma ephinde usebhekene ushintsho. Kwakukhona aria ejwayelekile, lapho abalingiswa ukuveza imizwa ngokuvamile, maqondana isimo hhayi ngesisekelo isithombe noma uhlamvu. Ukudabuka, buffoonery, siqu, aria abanothando yokuziphindiselela - ingaphakathi Neapolitan opera egcwele okuqukethwe eziphilayo.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

umqambi Ezivelele futhi Umthandi womculo Scarlatti wehlela emlandweni njengoba umsunguli esikoleni opera laseNaples. He qamba imisebenzi engaphezu kwengu-60. Genre opera sina (Opera Seria), adalwe Scarlatti, ngosizo indaba basezinganekwaneni noma zomlando ngokuphila abalingiswa ezidumile. Opera zithathelwe okukhulu ukusebenza umugqa futhi recitatives kwathathelwa indawo Aryans.

A ezahlukene vocals endaweni opera sina enwetshiwe izimfuneko ukuthi kwakufanele alandele izwi operatic. Abaculi phelelisa ubuciko ukucula, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kwaholela izinto ezihlekisayo - yilowo nalowo kubo wafuna umqambi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ufake Arias opera, inzuzo agcizelele izinzuzo izwi. Umphumela waba iqoqo ezingahlobene nomunye Solo, ngenxa yalokho waziwa ngokuthi Opera Seria "ekhonsathini e imvunulo".

Beauty and ubuciko

Omunye umnikelo lesikole Neapolitan we-opera kakhulu ekuthuthukeni canto bel kwaba ukusetshenziswa e vocals Ornamental (coloratura) imigexo zomculo Iphalethi. Coloratura Arias ukusetshenziswa ekugcineni futhi wasiza abaculi ukukhombisa izilaleli ngokwezinga kobunikazi izwi. kuzuba Big, trills, izindima amabanga, ukusetshenziswa ukulandelana (ukuphindaphinda emabintana zomculo noma ithuba namanothi e amarejista ehlukile noma ithoni) - kanjalo wandise palette ekhululekile esetshenziswa virtuosos of Bel Canto. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe buciko avela kuye lo oculayo ngokuvamile esikalini nobunzima yabo coloratura elisebenzisekayo.

Italian isiko zomculo ubeka ingcindezi eliphezulu. Amazwi abadumile zihlukaniswa ubuhle futhi ukujula ithoni. ukuqeqeshwa Vocal isiza ukuthuthukisa inqubo ukusebenza, ukufeza olubushelelezi nekushelela umsindo zonke amabanga.

I somculo lokuqala

Isidingo canto bel zaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlangano lokuqala zemfundo lapho okulungiselelwe zabahlabeleli. Ezintandane - Conservatory - waba izikole umculo lokuqala Italy ephakathi. Bel canto amasu wafundisa kubo ngesisekelo mbumbulu, ukuphindaphinda nguthishela. Lokhu kuchaza izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu abahlabeleli yesikhathi. Phela, nabo basuke ababeqeqeshwe yiwo amakhosi neyaziwayo ezifana Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) kanye Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Abafundi awabhalwanga umzimba ekhethekile ukuthuthukisa izwi, ukuqeqeshwa indlebe, okuyinto kwakumelwe kuphindaphindwe, ekuthuthukiseni ukucula amasu kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphefumula - amakhono okuyizinto kudingeka kangaka canto bel. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi, kokuba sebeqale ukuqeqesha eminyakeni 7-8 iminyaka engu-17 ye-somculo izindonga ngaphandle abadlali professional esigabeni opera.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

Ukubukeka kwaso Italian canto bel opera kunqunywa mkhuba ukuthuthukiswa isiko zomculo olandelayo namakhulu eminyaka amathathu. Oyingqopha-mlando ekuthuthukisweni yayo kwaba umsebenzi umqambi Italian George. Rossini. amandla Rhythmic, Ukukhalipha nokushesha vocals yafuna ocebile ezihlukahlukene timbral abaculi, virtuosity ezehlukile ukucula esikoleni. Ngisho Arias raspevnosti futhi recitatives ngemisebenzi Rossini yafuna ukuzinikela ngokugcwele.

Melodizm Rossini kwavula indlela classical canto bel, ebonakala imishwana ukuphelela emoyeni mnene futhi ehlanzekile egeleza ngokukhululekile Ihubo bushelelezi (cantilena) nentshiseko sensuously aphakeme. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umqambi wayazi mayelana nekhono ukucula mathupha. Ngo ebuntwaneni, wayecula ekwayeni yesonto, futhi lapho isikhulile, ngaphezu ukubhala, benanela la mazwi ngomdlandla: pedagogy lamaqembu babhala ngisho nezincwadi eziningana eziphathelene nale ndaba.

pedagogy

Italian opera, elaba iwuphawu isiko European omculo XVII-XIX eminyaka, weza sibonga umsebenzi abanamakhono othisha-izinto, owayefundelwa ukucula bazama ngelizwi lomuntu, ngokuletha umsindo wakhe ekupheleleni. Kuchazwe izindlela umsebenzi wabo zisasetshenziswa ukulungiswa zabahlabeleli.

Amehlo othisha waphunyuka kungekho trifle. Abafundi bafunda izimfihlo khulula futhi kulula ukucula umoya. ukuqeqeshwa Vocal bacabanga ngokulinganisela umsindo ivolumu, emabintana lamafisha izingoma futhi ngezikhawu ewumngcingo, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa ukuphefumula inkulumo, libhekene ugqozi ngokushesha futhi ezijulile kulandelwa umoya kancane. Umzimba eklanyelwe ukuzivocavoca iyunifomu umsindo isizinda at amarejista high and low. Ngisho ukuqeqesha umi phambi kwesibuko kufakwe lwezifundo imfundamakhwela abaculi - ngokweqile isimo sobuso, ukusebenzelana esishubile nesimo sobuso ekhashelwa kokuquleka umsebenzi apharathasi vocal. Iphakanyiswe ukugcina free, ukuma aqonde futhi usebenzisa ukumamatheka umsindo sifinyelele ecacile eduze.

amasu ukucula okusha

Inxanxathela vocal, idrama kanye zesiteji ukusebenza abangu okuhleliwe phambi abahlabeleli izinselele. Umculo ibonisa emhlabeni engaphakathi izinhlamvu, futhi izwi kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile ye-jikelele image ebabazekayo. Lokhu ngokusobala wawubonisa ku opera kaJohane. UJohn no Rossini. Verdi, omsebenzi wakhe imakwe ukuvelela bel canto isitayela. School Classical kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa elamukelekayo Falsetto amanothi aphezulu. Nokho, idrama uyayilahla indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo - ngendlela scene nobuqhawe Falsetto besilisa Wangena dissonance tebuciko ne ngokomzwelo Umbala senzo. Okokuqala sawela embundwini leli zwi engumFulentshi Lui Dyupre, owaqala ukusebenzisa ngendlela zokukhiqiza umsindo, emisa bokuphila (ukuvaleka amalaka) futhi ifonotiki (ulimi kule "s emise" isikhundla) izindlela ukuze kuvikeleke apharathasi vocal, futhi uye kamuva kwabizwa ngokuthi "okucashile". It is uvunyelwe yakha ingxenye engenhla senhlobo ezwakalayo ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuze Falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Ukubukeza operatic art vocal, kungenzeki ukugwema ohlangothini sibalo namagugu okudala umqambi omkhulu Italian George. Verdi. Washintsha futhi iguqulwe opera, owethulwa ukuqhathanisa indaba nokuphikisana. Elokuqala abaqambi wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo ku kwenaba kwesiqinti, design esiteji futhi ukusebenza. Ngo opera wakhe mqondo wabusa futhi upholavuthondaba, imizwa oluthukuthele futhi ukuqhathanisa, hlanganani zobuqhawe zezwe. indlela enjalo wabizela izimfuneko ezintsha for vocalists.

Umqambi abagxeka coloratura futhi wathi trills, umusa amanothi gruppetto abakwazi laba isisekelo segama umculo. Emibhalweni cishe akukho imihlobiso fancy, asele kuphela soprano, futhi kamuva wanyamalala ngokuphelele kusukela opera izikolo. Abesilisa party at umvuthwandaba ophasiswe usonhlamvukazi usebenzisa kakade kuchazwe ngaphambili "yamboza by umsindo." Abaculi Baritone lebekumele lamacembu akhulumisane ekuhleleni umsebenzi we-apharathasi vocal we tessitura okusezingeni eliphezulu (eziphakeme indawo umsindo isihlobo ebangeni ukucula), wabizela yilo obonakalisa isimo esingokomzwelo izinhlamvu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela kwavela eside entsha - "Verdi Baritone". . Ukudala Verdi, opera 26 enhle, setha yaseshashalazini iScala, imakwe nokuzalwa kabusha kuka-canto bel - art zaphelela ifa izwi.

uhambo emhlabeni

Easy nenhle style vocal akumele ugcinwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele umbuso owodwa. Ngaphansi charm yayo kancane kancane sashintsha kakhulu eYurophu. omnandi bethatheka emhlabeni esiteji waseshashalazini futhi bathonya ukuthuthukiswa umculo isiko European. Kwakheka isiqondiso operatic, ngokuthi "belkantovoe". Isitayela kwaphoqa imingcele isicelo yayo futhi wangena umculo wezinsimbi.

Virtuoso Ihubo Chopin (1810-1849) kwemiqondo Polish Folk izinkondlo opera Italy canto bel. Ucezu nemnene Heroine opera J. Mach (1842-1912) ezigcwele belkantovym charm. Umthelela isitayela sasisikhulu kangangokuba ithonya lakhe umculo kwaba umbukwane ngempela, ezisukela classicism ukuze romanticism.

kwakwakhe amasiko

Umuntu owasungula le zabuna Russian isibe umqambi omkhulu M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). Lakhe lokubhala wezinsimbi - evelele lyrical futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo omkhulukazi - egcwele imiculo, okuyinto zihlolwa futhi isiko Folk songs, futhi belkantovaya yinkimbinkimbi Arias Italy. Cantilena yabo esingokwemvelo wayefana melodiousness elibala iculo Russian - uneqiniso futhi ekhululekile. I predominance umculo phezu kombhalo, vnutrislogovye chants (ukucula accentuation amaqoqo ezinhlamvu ehlukile), i-eziphindaphindiwe izwi, ukudala uyephuza tune - konke lokhu ngemisebenzi M. I. Glinki (nezinye bomculo Russian) ephawulekayo nobunye ne emasikweni opera Italy. Fado, ngokuvumelana baxgeki, hola "Russian canto bel" isihloko.

I repertoire izinkanyezi

Brilliant Italian canto bel inkathi yaphela-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka. Amasosha kanye nezinxushunxushu wamavukelambuso ikota ekhulu lokuqala seniliwelile okushiwo normative of the opera romantic yokucabanga, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo neoclassicism futhi ahlukaniswe izindawo impressionism, yesimanjemanje, futurism, nabanye. Namanje izwi abadumile operatic akazange adele ukulinga zisebenze obukhulu kuzo Italian ukucula classical. Art "omnandi" lolungenamaphutsa ephethwe A. V Nezhdanova F. I. Shalyapin. master okungenakuqhathaniswa isiqondiso Kwakucula L. Sobinov, okuyinto yaqanjwa canto bel eRussia. Omkhulu UMaria Callas (US) futhi umklomelo we 'izwi kwekhulu "title nozakwethu Dzhoan Sazerlend (e-Australia), a tenor lyric Luciano Pavarotti (Italy) nebhesi okungenakuqhathaniswa Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - art lwabo lwalusekelwe isisekelo wobuciko kanye yobuhle Italian canto bel.

isiphetho

Amathrendi okusha e umculo zehlulekile ukuba eclipse kukhanye belkantovoy zakudala opera Italy. abadlali abasha bafune ibhithi zagcinwa emibhalweni amakhosi ulwazi eminyakeni edlule ku ukuphefumula kahle, ukukha, ebaziwe nezinye butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela amavoti. Lena akuyona into ethanda ukukhathaza lutho. Sihlangabezena izilaleli ephaphama akudingeki ukuzwa incazelo wanamuhla imisebenzi zakudala futhi shí ephawulekayo yesikhashana isikhala art esiphelele ukucula. Mhlawumbe ilapho ngomzamo ukwembula imfihlakalo canto bel lomkhuba - kanjani ukuvinjelwa inkathi ku namazwi izintandokazi besilisa irejista okusezingeni eliphezulu zesifazane azalwe ukucula isiqondiso, ngasinda la makhulu eminyaka futhi liphendulwe uhlelo ehlelekile, ebeka isisekelo ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka, ukuqeqesha singers okhokhelwayo.