Isayensi yekhompyutha. Kuyini lokhu? Umlando omncane kanye nokuhumusha kwanamuhla

Uma ubheka umlando wezobuchwepheshe, maduzane empilweni yansuku zonke igama elithi "ubuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha" livele. Lezi ziqalo zazibophezele ekuqaleni azizange zisho zonke lezo zici ezitshaliwe kulo namuhla. Futhi, ngeshwa, abantu abaningi ngesizathu esithile bakholelwa ukuthi amakhompyutha namakhompiyutha ayafana. Lokhu kuyiphutha elicacile.

Ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha: incazelo yegama

Ukuhumusha incazelo yale nkulumo kungaba okuhluke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kusukela izichazamazwi ezahlukene zingahunyushwa ngokuhunyushwa okuhlukile.

Kodwa-ke, uma sibhekana nombuzo nge uhlobo oluthile lokukhiqiza, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi amakhompiyutha amadivayisi wezobuchwepheshe anethuluzi lamathuluzi, izici nezindlela zokwenza (noma ngisho nokuhlonza) ukucubungula kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi nolwazi lwekhompyutha noma incazelo yalokho noma Isimo esihlukile (ngokomzimba, imishini, njll).

Ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha: yini lokhu ngomqondo obanzi?

Ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha buyaziwa isintu isikhathi eside. Amadivaysi amahle kakhulu avela eminyakeni emakhulu ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, ungashayela, isibonelo, abacus abafana abangama-Chinese noma abacus bamaRoma. Sekuyingxenye yesibili yale minyaka leminyaka, amadivaysi afana nesilinganiso se-Nepper, isibalo se-Sikkarda, umbusi we- logarithmic, umshini wokubala we- Pascal, njll njll. Uhlulele wena, izilinganiso zanamuhla ngendlela yokubala zingabuye zibheke ngokuphepha komunye wezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.

Noma kunjalo, ukuchazwa kwaleli gama kwathola incazelo ejulile ngokubonakala kwamakhompyutha okuqala. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1946, lapho ikhompiyutha yokuqala idalwe e-United States, okhethwe yisifinyezo se-ENIAC (e-USSR leyo divayisi yadalwa ngo-1950 futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-MESM).

Kuze kube manje, ukuhumusha kuye kwanda nakakhulu. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni samanje sokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, kungathathwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha buyi:

• Izinhlelo zekhompyutha namathuluzi wokuphatha inethiwekhi;
• Ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo nezinhlelo zokucubungula idatha (ulwazi);
• Amathuluzi okuklama, ukufanisa kanye nokubikezela amathuluzi;
• Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa i-Software, njll.

Ngokwemvelo, uhlu luyaqhubeka, kepha lezi yizinto eziyinhloko.

Amathuluzi wekhompyutha

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zobuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha. Enhliziyweni yanoma iyiphi inqubo ulwazi noma, njengokwezifiso ukusho, idatha. Kodwa umqondo wolwazi kubhekwa njengokungathi uqobo, ngoba umuntu oyedwa inqubo ethile ingathwala umthwalo we-semantic, kodwa enye - cha. Ngakho, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, ikhodi kanambambili yasungulwa eyabonwa yimuphi umshini futhi isetshenziselwa ukucubungula idatha kakhulu kakhulu.

Phakathi kwamathuluzi ngokwawo kungabonwa amadivayisi wezobuchwepheshe (amaprosesa, inkumbulo, amadivayisi wokufaka / okukhiphayo) nesofthiwe, ngaphandle kwalokho konke lokhu "insimbi" akusizi ngalutho ngokuphelele. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ngokwehlukana ukuthi uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lunenani lezici zobunikazi, isibonelo, ubuqotho, inhlangano, uxhumano nokusebenzisana. Kukhona futhi okuthiwa ama-computing systems, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-multiprocessor systems, ukunikeza ukwethembeka nokwandisa izinga lokusebenza, alitholakali kumahlelo angavamile okungahambisani naso. Futhi kuphela kwisigxobo esivamile se "hardware" nesofthiwe kungashiwo ukuthi yiyona ndlela esemqoka yokusebenzisa i-computer. Ngokwemvelo, kungenzeka ukuthi wengeze lapha futhi nezindlela okuchazwe ngayo lezibalo noma le nqubo, kodwa lokhu kungathatha isikhathi eside.

Idivayisi yamakhompyutha anamuhla

Ngokusekelwe kuzo zonke lezi zincazelo, ungachaza umsebenzi wamakhompyutha anamuhla. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, zihlanganisa izingxenye ze-hardware nezesofthiwe, futhi enye ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle komunye.

Ngakho-ke, ikhompuyutha yesimanje (ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutheni) isethi yamadivayisi wezobuchwepheshe okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwendawo yesofthiwe yokwenza imisebenzi ethile, futhi ngokuphambene (isethi yezinhlelo zokusebenza "kwensimbi"). Okulungile kunazo zonke isitatimende sokuqala, hhayi okwesibili, ngoba ekugcineni le setha iyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe ulwazi olungenayo futhi kukhishwe umphumela.

Idivayisi yekhompuyutha (ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha) ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana eziyisisekelo, ngaphandle kokungekho uhlelo olukwazi ukukwenza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amabhodi womama, ama-processors, ama-drives asebenzayo, i-RAM, abaqaphi, ama-keyboards, amagundane, amakhemitha (amaphrinta, ama-scanners, njll.), I-disk drive, njll. Ngokwesofthiwe, indawo yokuqala ihlala amasistimu asebenzayo kanye nabashayeli. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ziqhuba izinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi abashayeli baqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo zonke izinsimbi "zensimbi".

Amagama ambalwa mayelana nokuhlelwa

Izinhlelo zekhompyutha zanamuhla zingenziwa ngezigaba eziningana:

• Isimiso sokusebenza (digital, analog, hybrid);
• Isizukulwane (izigaba zokudala);
• Injongo (eqondiswe inkinga, eyisisekelo, indlu, ezinikezele, ekhethekile, yonke indawo);
• Amathuba namasayizi (super-enkulu, super-encane, single-noma multi-user);
• Imibandela yokusetshenziswa (ikhaya, ihhovisi, ukukhiqiza);
• Ezinye izici (inani labaphroseshi, izakhiwo, ukusebenza, izakhiwo zabathengi).

Njengoba ungabona, ayikho imingcele ecacile yencazelo yamakilasi. Empeleni, noma yikuphi ukwahlukana kwezinhlelo zanamuhla zibe ngamaqembu okwamanje kubonakala kujwayelekile.