Umlando izithombe eRussia. izithombe Okokuqala futhi amakhamera

Isifiso athwebula izikhathi zokuphila, okwenzeka nomuntu noma nezwe elalimzungezile, obelokhu ekhona. Lokhu kubuye eqoshwe emadwaleni, futhi ezobuciko. Esikhathini imidwebo abaculi zazikujabulela ngokunemba nemininingwane, amandla wokuthwebula into eyakhayo ngombono, ukukhanya, ukudlula le palette color, izithunzi. Ukuze umsebenzi onjalo ngokuvamile kwakuthatha izinyanga lomsebenzi. Kuyinto lesi sifiso, nesifiso ukunciphisa isikhathi futhi waba Umfutho ukudalwa leli fomu ubuciko, efana isithombe.

Ukufika kombuso izithombe

Esikhathini IV ekhulwini BC-Aristotle, isazi esidumile ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, waphawula yokuthi ukwazi ukuthi ukukhanya ukuthi ehlungiwe imbobo kule yesivalo ewindini, ngokuphinda izithunzi ebodeni ungabona OT landscape ngaphandle kwefasitela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-azibhala lososayensi abasuka emazweni Arab iqala lokudluliselwa ibinzana obscura ikhamera, ngokoqobo okusho "Egumbini elimnyama." Lokhu kwaba idivayisi ngesimo ibhokisi nge imbobo phambi, ngayo nefunda ngayo sekungenzeka ukuba wenze bangahlikihla namanje Lifes kanye namathafa. Kamuva ngcono ibhokisi, ukuhlinzeka neengcezu ezihambayo kanye lens, okwenza kube lula fokusatsiyu isithombe.

Ngenxa izici ezintsha, isithombe zakhanya kakhulu, futhi idivayisi ubizwa ngokuthi "Igumbi ukukhanya", okungukuthi, ikhamera lucina. Ubuchwepheshe obunjalo elula uye wasivumela ukuba ufunde indlela bheka Arkhangelsk phakathi XVII leminyaka. Ngosizo lwabo, ithemba edolobheni ukhishiwe, linembile.

Izigaba yentuthuko Photography

Ekhulwini XIX uJoseph Niepce yasungulwa ngendlela izithombe, anibizela photogravure. Ukuthatha le ndlela senzeka ngo Ukukhanya kwelanga luqhubeke kuze kube amahora angu-8. essence yayo imi kanje:

• wathatha ipuleti metal okwakubekelwa camera lacquer bituminous.

• I ipuleti ingaphansi ukuchayeka ngqo ukukhanya okukhulu, ngenxa lapho ukuvenisha akuyona siphela. Kodwa le nqubo iye yaba engalingani futhi zithembele osizweni amandla okukhanya ngasinye amasayithi.

• Bese plate Welashwa nge uketshezi.

• Ngemva Acid kwagxila.

Ngenxa yalokho, bonke manipulations iphutha impumuzo, iphethini uqoshwe esilucwecwana. Ngakusasa esiteji esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni wokuthwebula kwaba daguerreotype. Igama indlela yakhe ukuze uthole igama umsunguli walo Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, ngubani wakwazi ukuthola isithombe on ipuleti esiliva, ziphathwe i umusi iodine.

Indlela elandelayo kwaba calotypy kusungulwe Genri Talbotom. Buhle indlela unekhono ukwenza amakhophi isithombe esifanayo, okuyinto yena, ivezwa ephepheni afuthwe ngesibulali usawoti esiliva.

Ukwazana kuqala nge ubuciko izithombe eRussia

Umlando izithombe Russian sekuqhubeke isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Futhi le ndaba ugcwele izenzakalo ezahlukene futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Ngenxa abantu benarha yekhethu livulekele ubuciko izithombe, singabona Russia ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu isikhathi, ezifana kwaba eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Umlando izithombe eRussia iqala 1839. Yingaleso sikhathi ilungu Russian Academy of Sciences J. Hamel waya Britain, lapho ahlangana khona ne calotypy indlela, silitadishe ngokuningiliziwe. Khona-ke wathumela incazelo enemininingwane. Futhi izithombe zokuqala ngendlela calotypy eyatholakala, iziphi namanje igcinwe Academy of Sciences, inani izingcezu 12. Esikhathini izithombe kukhona isiginesha umsunguli we indlela, Talbot.

Ngemva kwalokho, eFrance Hamel ujwayelene Daguerre, uba ngaphansi kokuphatha kukabani isiqondiso yena mathupha kwenza ezinye isibhamu. Academy of Sciences, ngo-September 1841, incwadi evela Hamel, lapho, ngokusho kwakhe, kokuqala kwenziwa nge-Photo nemvelo. Made in Paris isithombe - sibalo zesifazane.

Ngemva kwalokho, ubuciko izithombe eRussia isiqala athole umfutho ngokushesha asathuthuka. Esikhathini XIX futhi XX eminyaka bezithombe ka laseRussia laqala ngakwesokudla jikelele ukuze iqhaza isithombe nemibukiso ezidayiswa ekilasini international, okuyinto wathola imiklomelo ehlonishwayo futhi imiklomelo, ube yilungu imiphakathi abafanele.

indlela Talbot

Umlando izithombe eRussia yasungulwa sibonga sabantu esinesithakazelo esikhulu ifomu elisha art. Ngakho-ke ingabe Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, edumile sezitshalo Russian wemithi. It yingcweti Talbot Indlela yokuqala ukuthola omubi iphepha photosensitive kulandele ukuyiprinta uyibhala ziphathwe nosawoti isiliva ebonakaliswa elangeni.

Fritzsche wathatha izithombe lokuqala calotypy-isitshalo ishiya, bese baya akadama of Sciences Petersburg ngo-May 1839 nge umbiko. Kuyo wathi okungukuthi indlela calotypy efanelekayo imprinting izinto Planar. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela kufanelekile ukuthatha izithombe zalesi sihlahla yasekuqaleni ngokunemba ezidingekile wezitshalo.

Umnikelo J. Fritzsche

Ngenxa Fritzsche umlando izithombe eRussia wathatha isinyathelo phambidlana: wasikisela ukuba esikhundleni sodium giposulfat, elalisetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa Talbot isithombe, i-ammonia kuka calotypy kakhulu ngcono, ngcono ikhwalithi yesithombe. Julius Fedorovich futhi waba ngowokuqala kuleli zwe futhi ngomunye wabokuqala emhlabeni, owayengifundela ucwaningo kwi izithombe kanye art lokushicilela.

Alexey Grekov futhi "art gumbi"

Umlando izithombe eRussia baqhubeka, futhi okulandelayo sandla ekutfutfukisweni yayo esenziwa Alexey Grekov. umsunguli eMoscow womqophi, kunguye amakhosi wokuqala Russian izithombe yingcweti calotypy futhi daguerreotypes. Futhi uma ubuza umbuzo Yaba yini amakhamera lokuqala eRussia, kuba kokusungulwa Grekov, "Igumbi ubuciko", kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento ezinjalo.

Ikhamera lokuqala, wadala ngo-1840, ikuvumela ukuba wenze eliphezulu, nge nokucija ezinhle portrait izithombe engakwazanga ukuthi abaningi uzama ukufeza for bezithombe. AmaGreki yasungulwa esihlalweni ephethe ezihlalweni ekhethekile asekelwe ikhanda izithombe, sisivumele hhayi usukhathele ngesikhathi Ekuhlaleni eside, futhi silondoloze isimo isilungisiwe. Futhi ukuba namanje indoda esihlalweni kwadingeka isikhathi eside: 23 emaminithi e Ukukhanya kwelanga kanye osukwini esiguqubele - zonke 45.

Grekov master of Photography ubhekwa lokuqala art umthwebuli-portraitist waseRussia. Ukuzuza enhle portrait izithombe wamsiza futhi yasungulwa kubo fotoustroystvo ehlanganisa ikamelo lokhuni, kulo kungekho ukukhanya. Kodwa leli bhokisi angase okhethwe komunye nomunye futhi ubuyela yesehlakalo. Ngesikhathi ibhokisi zangaphandle phambi ingxenye lens ke unamathisele, kuba into. In the wangaphakathi ibhokisi ipuleti abetikhatsalela ukukhanya. Ngu obuhlukahlukene ibanga phakathi emabhokisini, okungukuthi, kubenze omunye komunye, noma okuphambene nalokho, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe oyifunayo image nokucija.

Sergeya Levitskogo umnikelo

Umuntu olandelayo lapho umlando izithombe eRussia baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha, kwaba Sergei Levitsky. Emlandweni izithombe Russian babe dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk futhi Kislovodsk, wenza eCaucasus. Kanye ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide ye embukisweni eParis, lapho wathumela izithombe emncintiswaneni.

Sergey Levitsky bekulokhu iyahola bezithombe, zanikela ukushintsha ezihleleke zokuhlobisa ukuqopha. Futhi isinqumo ukuze bafeze retouching portrait izithombe kanye ezingezinhle ukuze kuncishiswe noma ngokuphelele ukususa amaphutha lobuchwepheshe, uma ikhona.

Levitsky kwesokunxele Italiya e 1845, sinquma ukukhuphula izinga lolwazi namakhono emkhakheni daguerreotype. Wenza izithombe eRoma, kanye portrait izithombe abaculi Russian ayehlala khona. Futhi ngo-1847, kufika nge alo ikhamera noboya, isicelo salokhu noboya kusukela inkositini. Ukuqamba avunyelwe ikhamera babe mobile ngaphezulu, okuyinto kwasithinta kakhulu ukunwetshwa amathuba bethwebula.

Waphindela eRussia Sergey Levitsky kakade photographer professional, wavula Petersburg Daguerreotype siqu workshop "Umdwebo Khanyisa". Uma-ke futhi ivula esitolo neqoqo ocebile ekumeni abaculi isiRashiya, babhali, bahlatiyi, abaqavile emphakathini. Ucwaningo we art of Photography, yena akabashiyi, ngokuqhubeka empirically ukufunda ukusetshenziswa ukukhanya kukagesi ngokuhlanganisa ngayo ilanga kanye nethonya layo phezu izithombe.

trace Russian photography

Of ubuciko, master of Photography, abaqambi nososayensi ezivela eRussia baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni izithombe nokuthuthukiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi abasunguli izinhlobo ezintsha amakhamera izibongo Russian eyaziwa ngokuthi Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Ngisho Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev wahileleka, wahlanganyela izinkinga theory ne practical yezithombe yokukhiqiza. Futhi kanye Sreznevsky bema umsuka umnyango enezithombe ngesikhathi Russian Technical Society.

Njengoba baziwa impumelelo amakhosi eliqhakazile izithombe isiRashiya, okungase ufake belingana Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Yena wayengu- mdali albhamu yokuqala ne ekumeni odumile ososayensi, odokotela, abahambi, babhali, bahlatiyi, abaculi. Umthwebuli Alexander Karelin kwaziwa kulo Europe, wangena umlando izithombe njengoba umsunguli we inhlolovo nabendlu uhlobo.

Ukuthuthukiswa izithombe eRussia

Isithakazelo izithombe ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX liye landa, hhayi nje phakathi ochwepheshe kodwa futhi phakathi kwabantu abavamile. Futhi eminyakeni 1887, wadedelwa "Ubuciko bezithombe Bulletin" umagazini, lapho lwazi eqoqwe yinoma kadokotela, amakhemikhali izingoma, izindlela lokucubungula izithombe, idatha theory.

Kodwa ngaphambi revolution eRussia ukuba sihlanganyele izithombe kwezobuciko isineminyaka kuphela inombolo encane yabantu, ngoba cishe kwakungekho noyedwa nabasunguli ikhamera bekungelula nokuwakhiqiza ngezinga ezimbonini.

Ngo-1919, i-V I. Lenin isikhipha umyalo ukuhambisa umkhakha enezithombe ngaphansi kokulawulwa Yabantu Commissariat, futhi ngo-1929 waqala ukwakha izinto ukukhanya-sensitive enezithombe ke nguwo wonke. Futhi ikhamera okokuqala ezifuywayo "Photocor" livela 1931.

Indima amakhosi isiRashiya, buciko, abasunguli kakhulu ekuthuthukeni izithombe ezinkulu futhi linendawo uyakufanelekela emlandweni wezwe izithombe.